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Rama enters heaven, from 'Ramayana, Uttara Kanda', 1653 (w/c on paper)

Rama enters heaven, from 'Ramayana, Uttara Kanda', 1653 (w/c on paper)

Indian School, (17th century)

BL748059

Ravana's magician son Indrajit again advances on the monkey army, having brewed magic potions to make himself invisible at need. From his chariot and from the sky, where he is invisible, Indrajit overwhelms all the monkey leaders as well as Rama and Laksmana with his Brahma-weapons. They lie prostrate on the ground, riddled with arrows. Vibhisana and Hanuman seek out the wise bear Jambavan (also riddled with arrows), who tells Hanuman to look for the medicinal herbs which grow on the peaks of the Himalayas. Hanuman, using his power as the son of the wind god, assumes his true enormous size before taking off to cross the whole length of India.

Ravana's magician son Indrajit again advances on the monkey army, having brewed magic potions to make himself invisible at need. From his chariot and from the sky, where he is invisible, Indrajit overwhelms all the monkey leaders as well as Rama and Laksmana with his Brahma-weapons. They lie prostrate on the ground, riddled with arrows. Vibhisana and Hanuman seek out the wise bear Jambavan (also riddled with arrows), who tells Hanuman to look for the medicinal herbs which grow on the peaks of the Himalayas. Hanuman, using his power as the son of the wind god, assumes his true enormous size before taking off to cross the whole length of India.

BL3283120

Ravana has sent out his mightiest warriors to fight the monkey leaders in single combat, but each in turn has been destroyed. He himself took the field, fighting many of the greatest warriors in turn, until he was faced by Laksmana. Pierced in his breast by Ravana's spear, Laksmana falls unconscious to the ground. Meanwhile Hanuman rushes to Ravana's chariot and strikes him with his fist. Ravana reels from this great buffet and falls in a faint. Hanuman picks up Laksmana and carries him tenderly off the battlefield to Rama, at whose feet he lays him down.

Ravana has sent out his mightiest warriors to fight the monkey leaders in single combat, but each in turn has been destroyed. He himself took the field, fighting many of the greatest warriors in turn, until he was faced by Laksmana. Pierced in his breast by Ravana's spear, Laksmana falls unconscious to the ground. Meanwhile Hanuman rushes to Ravana's chariot and strikes him with his fist. Ravana reels from this great buffet and falls in a faint. Hanuman picks up Laksmana and carries him tenderly off the battlefield to Rama, at whose feet he lays him down.

BL3283094

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

BL3283122

Lakshmana returns to Ayodhya with the charioteer Sumantra, while Sita is accepted into Valmiki's hermitage

Lakshmana returns to Ayodhya with the charioteer Sumantra, while Sita is accepted into Valmiki's hermitage

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SugrÄ«va bites off Kumhakará¹‡a's nose and rips off his ears. Thrown to the ground to be crushed beneath Kumbhakará¹‡a's feet, he bounds free and back towards Rāma. Kumbhakará¹‡a returns to battle, gathering up monkeys and stuffing them into his mouth, while the allies, now including Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, advance on him again.

SugrÄ«va bites off Kumhakará¹‡a's nose and rips off his ears. Thrown to the ground to be crushed beneath Kumbhakará¹‡a's feet, he bounds free and back towards Rāma. Kumbhakará¹‡a returns to battle, gathering up monkeys and stuffing them into his mouth, while the allies, now including Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, advance on him again.

BL3283110

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa continue to pour arrows into the body of Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has monkeys and bears clinging to him and attacking him, while he stuffs one into his mouth and crushes others beneath him. Rāma's great arrow has cut off his left arm. Other demons begin to retreat.

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa continue to pour arrows into the body of Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has monkeys and bears clinging to him and attacking him, while he stuffs one into his mouth and crushes others beneath him. Rāma's great arrow has cut off his left arm. Other demons begin to retreat.

BL3283109

Indrajit advances in his chariot having created an illusory Sītā, whom he holds by the single long tress of her hair. He then cuts off her head and her body falls to the ground. Hanumān and the other monkeys, here SugrÄ«va and Aṅgada, are totally distraught but attack him. Then Hanumān goes to tell Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa of Sītā's apparent death. They look crushed by grief.

Indrajit advances in his chariot having created an illusory Sītā, whom he holds by the single long tress of her hair. He then cuts off her head and her body falls to the ground. Hanumān and the other monkeys, here SugrÄ«va and Aṅgada, are totally distraught but attack him. Then Hanumān goes to tell Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa of Sītā's apparent death. They look crushed by grief.

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Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and their allies remain in council on the left, while on the right Rāvaṇa listens as his spies tell him of their adventures. Rāvaṇa then goes to theaśoka grove with the magician Vidyujjihva carrying a false head of Rāma to deceive Sītā into thinking he is dead. She faints in horror. Women look down compassionately from terraces above. Meanwhile, monkeys are encircling the city under orders to find out its strengths and weaknesses.

Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and their allies remain in council on the left, while on the right Rāvaṇa listens as his spies tell him of their adventures. Rāvaṇa then goes to theaśoka grove with the magician Vidyujjihva carrying a false head of Rāma to deceive Sītā into thinking he is dead. She faints in horror. Women look down compassionately from terraces above. Meanwhile, monkeys are encircling the city under orders to find out its strengths and weaknesses.

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The monkeys set fire to Laṅkā, to its mansions, gateways and public buildings, destroying their fabric and contents. Laṅkā's inhabitants are roused from their dining tables or their beds and flee in terror. Elephants and horses run down to the sea, while courtesans run hither and thither. As the demons flee, they are attacked by the monkeys. Rāma and his allies look on and then stir themselves into action.

The monkeys set fire to Laṅkā, to its mansions, gateways and public buildings, destroying their fabric and contents. Laṅkā's inhabitants are roused from their dining tables or their beds and flee in terror. Elephants and horses run down to the sea, while courtesans run hither and thither. As the demons flee, they are attacked by the monkeys. Rāma and his allies look on and then stir themselves into action.

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Lakṣmaṇa, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a head the attack on Indrajit in a furious battle. The sacrifical fire by the banyan tree is unattended, with Indrajit now armed and fighting. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va bring news of the battle to Rāma on the left.

Lakṣmaṇa, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a head the attack on Indrajit in a furious battle. The sacrifical fire by the banyan tree is unattended, with Indrajit now armed and fighting. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va bring news of the battle to Rāma on the left.

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Rāvaṇa and his army advance against the tree-wielding monkeys, with Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va to the fore. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are in reserve, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a points out to them the advancing Rāvaṇa.

Rāvaṇa and his army advance against the tree-wielding monkeys, with Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va to the fore. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are in reserve, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a points out to them the advancing Rāvaṇa.

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Rāvaṇa assigns the defence of Laṅkā's eastern gate to his general Prahasta; the southern gate to his brothers MahÄpÄrÅ›va and Mahodara; the western gate to his son Indrajit; and the northern gate, where he himself would also go, to the spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a. The centre he leaves to VirūpÄká¹£a. Having thus directed Laṅkā's key defences, he retires to his chamber. Along with his allies, Rāma has now decided to climb the nearby Mount Suvela, from which there is a splendid view of the city of Laṅkā 'as if suspended in the sky'. All of Rāvaṇa's dispositions are soon known to VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a through the birds he has sent out as spies.

Rāvaṇa assigns the defence of Laṅkā's eastern gate to his general Prahasta; the southern gate to his brothers MahÄpÄrÅ›va and Mahodara; the western gate to his son Indrajit; and the northern gate, where he himself would also go, to the spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a. The centre he leaves to VirūpÄká¹£a. Having thus directed Laṅkā's key defences, he retires to his chamber. Along with his allies, Rāma has now decided to climb the nearby Mount Suvela, from which there is a splendid view of the city of Laṅkā 'as if suspended in the sky'. All of Rāvaṇa's dispositions are soon known to VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a through the birds he has sent out as spies.

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Rāvaṇa sends out Vajradaṃṣṭra, a boar-headed demon, whose chariot-horses stumble and whose battle standard of a crescent moon is laid low as he leaves the city. Consternation is expressed by Vajradaṃṣṭra as blood falls from the sky in an ill-omen. He is slain by Aṅgada with a huge rock and his charioteer holds up his hands in horror. Aṅgada is congratulated by Rāma and the other leaders on the left, and messengers return to Rāvaṇa on the right.

Rāvaṇa sends out Vajradaṃṣṭra, a boar-headed demon, whose chariot-horses stumble and whose battle standard of a crescent moon is laid low as he leaves the city. Consternation is expressed by Vajradaṃṣṭra as blood falls from the sky in an ill-omen. He is slain by Aṅgada with a huge rock and his charioteer holds up his hands in horror. Aṅgada is congratulated by Rāma and the other leaders on the left, and messengers return to Rāvaṇa on the right.

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Rāma and his allies continue to advance on Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has gathered up armfuls of monkeys and is crushing them against his chest before devouring them. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va advance on the giant and destroy his chariot with their rocks, but Aṅgada is wounded. Demons behind him, one wearing an Isfahani turban, still aim arrows.

Rāma and his allies continue to advance on Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has gathered up armfuls of monkeys and is crushing them against his chest before devouring them. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va advance on the giant and destroy his chariot with their rocks, but Aṅgada is wounded. Demons behind him, one wearing an Isfahani turban, still aim arrows.

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Bharata and Åšatrughna, with companions, arrive at NandigRāma bearing gifts and welcome the descending Puá¹£paka. They enter the chariot and pay their respects to Rāma and Sītā and then the whole car, with them in it, takes off again.

Bharata and Åšatrughna, with companions, arrive at NandigRāma bearing gifts and welcome the descending Puá¹£paka. They enter the chariot and pay their respects to Rāma and Sītā and then the whole car, with them in it, takes off again.

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Behind the intermediate horizon above, Indrajit is fighting with monkeys and with Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, who are using their bows. On the right, Indrajit drives off in his chariot and, below, in a sacrifical chamber makes offerings to the fire, including a young black goat; other demons bring more offerings. On the left below, Rāma, having heard Hanumān's news of Sītā's death, has fallen to the ground and lies cradled in the arms of Lakṣmaṇa, who attempts to console him, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a assures him that Rāvaṇa would not allow Sītā to be hurt. Heaps of wounded monkeys lie around.

Behind the intermediate horizon above, Indrajit is fighting with monkeys and with Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, who are using their bows. On the right, Indrajit drives off in his chariot and, below, in a sacrifical chamber makes offerings to the fire, including a young black goat; other demons bring more offerings. On the left below, Rāma, having heard Hanumān's news of Sītā's death, has fallen to the ground and lies cradled in the arms of Lakṣmaṇa, who attempts to console him, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a assures him that Rāvaṇa would not allow Sītā to be hurt. Heaps of wounded monkeys lie around.

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Rāma sends out his entire army, headed by Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, to fight Indrajit at the NikumbhilÄ grove, where he is performing more magical sacrifices. Indrajit is sacrificing to the fire again with a black goat, while around him a furious battle is raging between Lakṣmaṇa and his allies and the other demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has advised Rāma to send Lakṣmaṇa to finish off Indrajit at the place where he is performing his magical arts, before he can make himself even more powerful. Inscribed above Indrajit: Iá¹ƒdrajit.

Rāma sends out his entire army, headed by Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, to fight Indrajit at the NikumbhilÄ grove, where he is performing more magical sacrifices. Indrajit is sacrificing to the fire again with a black goat, while around him a furious battle is raging between Lakṣmaṇa and his allies and the other demons. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has advised Rāma to send Lakṣmaṇa to finish off Indrajit at the place where he is performing his magical arts, before he can make himself even more powerful. Inscribed above Indrajit: Iá¹ƒdrajit.

BL3283133

Rāvaṇa, seated in his palace, sees Hanumān leap up to the sky to fly to the Himalayas to collect more herbs, and questions BrahmÄ about it. BrahmÄ puts obstacles in Hanumān's way, including apsarases, crocodiles, a sage, and himself. Hanumān simply knocks him over.

Rāvaṇa, seated in his palace, sees Hanumān leap up to the sky to fly to the Himalayas to collect more herbs, and questions BrahmÄ about it. BrahmÄ puts obstacles in Hanumān's way, including apsarases, crocodiles, a sage, and himself. Hanumān simply knocks him over.

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Rāma, seated with Sītā, pulling her veil over her face, and with the monkeys all around, accepts VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's homage but refuses to bathe or change his ascetic's dress until he has returned to AyodhyÄ and relieved Bharata from his anxiety. He tells VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a to ensure that all the leaders of the monkeys and bears are bathed and suitably attired and adorned. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, on the right, holds a durbar in which Lakṣmaṇa, crowned, and the monkey and bear leaders are all richly dressed. Drums and trumpets sound below in the naqqÄrkhÄnÄ, while attendants bring gifts.

Rāma, seated with Sītā, pulling her veil over her face, and with the monkeys all around, accepts VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's homage but refuses to bathe or change his ascetic's dress until he has returned to AyodhyÄ and relieved Bharata from his anxiety. He tells VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a to ensure that all the leaders of the monkeys and bears are bathed and suitably attired and adorned. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, on the right, holds a durbar in which Lakṣmaṇa, crowned, and the monkey and bear leaders are all richly dressed. Drums and trumpets sound below in the naqqÄrkhÄnÄ, while attendants bring gifts.

BL3283151

The monkeys advance against Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers, brandishing trees, and a terrific mÃªlée ensues while Rāma and his generals look on. One monkey wields a dead demon and another an elephant as weapons. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va stand by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, watching NarÄntaka spear three monkeys together, and SugrÄ«va sends Aṅgada to fight him. Aṅgada then kills NarÄntaka's horse, whirling it round his head, and finally crushes NarÄntaka himself with a blow to his chest. Other monkeys fight with Mahodara and the other demon warriors.

The monkeys advance against Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers, brandishing trees, and a terrific mÃªlée ensues while Rāma and his generals look on. One monkey wields a dead demon and another an elephant as weapons. Aṅgada and SugrÄ«va stand by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, watching NarÄntaka spear three monkeys together, and SugrÄ«va sends Aṅgada to fight him. Aṅgada then kills NarÄntaka's horse, whirling it round his head, and finally crushes NarÄntaka himself with a blow to his chest. Other monkeys fight with Mahodara and the other demon warriors.

BL3283111

In a series of three compartments on the right, Rāma is seen conversing with his brothers, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and a sage (presumably Vasiṣṭha but this is premature as they would have to have reached AyodhyÄ first), with the monkeys still in human guise below them and two grooms holding horses in the lowermost compartment. On the left, the procession sets out for AyodhyÄ with Rāma and his wife and brothers in one chariot drawn by two white horses, Åšatrughna waving the chowrie, surrounded by nobles on elephant, horseback and camelback. The four brothers have now assumed crowns.

In a series of three compartments on the right, Rāma is seen conversing with his brothers, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and a sage (presumably Vasiṣṭha but this is premature as they would have to have reached AyodhyÄ first), with the monkeys still in human guise below them and two grooms holding horses in the lowermost compartment. On the left, the procession sets out for AyodhyÄ with Rāma and his wife and brothers in one chariot drawn by two white horses, Åšatrughna waving the chowrie, surrounded by nobles on elephant, horseback and camelback. The four brothers have now assumed crowns.

BL3283160

The great eagle Garuá¸a, vehicle of Viá¹£á¹‡u himself, flies down from heaven and his mere presence releases Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa from their magic serpentine bonds as the snakes go gliding off (eagles are the traditional enemies of snakes), while his touch heals their wounds. He pays them homage along with VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, SugrÄ«va and other monkeys. Rāma wonders who this great being might be, but Garuá¸a assures him he will know once he has achieved success in the fight and Sītā has been restored to him. The monkeys then howl out their triumph at this turn of events and hurl themselves at Laṅkā once more, wielding tree trunks.

The great eagle Garuá¸a, vehicle of Viá¹£á¹‡u himself, flies down from heaven and his mere presence releases Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa from their magic serpentine bonds as the snakes go gliding off (eagles are the traditional enemies of snakes), while his touch heals their wounds. He pays them homage along with VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, SugrÄ«va and other monkeys. Rāma wonders who this great being might be, but Garuá¸a assures him he will know once he has achieved success in the fight and Sītā has been restored to him. The monkeys then howl out their triumph at this turn of events and hurl themselves at Laṅkā once more, wielding tree trunks.

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The royal procession enters AyodhyÄ in triumph. Rāma and Sītā are in one carriage and the three brothers in another, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the allied chiefs all ride on elephants. The procession arrives at the palace through the bazaar with its festive hangings and with bowing shopkeepers. They are met at the gates of the zenana by ladies and, inside the queens' quarters, the four brothers and Sītā bow before KausalyÄ, Kaikeyī and SumitrÄ. Even Kaikeyī is forgiven.

The royal procession enters AyodhyÄ in triumph. Rāma and Sītā are in one carriage and the three brothers in another, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the allied chiefs all ride on elephants. The procession arrives at the palace through the bazaar with its festive hangings and with bowing shopkeepers. They are met at the gates of the zenana by ladies and, inside the queens' quarters, the four brothers and Sītā bow before KausalyÄ, Kaikeyī and SumitrÄ. Even Kaikeyī is forgiven.

BL3283161

Bali and Ravana are shown four times in this folio, twice performing the sandhya ceremony, then flying with Ravana attached to his girdle and finally on the left, they are seen approaching Kishkinda

Bali and Ravana are shown four times in this folio, twice performing the sandhya ceremony, then flying with Ravana attached to his girdle and finally on the left, they are seen approaching Kishkinda

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Ravana allies himself to Madhu. Ravana gathers his army and departs to confront Madhu, shown in the foreground. Ravana approaches Madhu's palace. His sister, Kumbhinasi begs Ravana not to kill Madhu. He agrees and allies himself with Madhu against the gods. Kumbhinasi and Madhu are shown here prostrating themselves at Ravana's feet

Ravana allies himself to Madhu. Ravana gathers his army and departs to confront Madhu, shown in the foreground. Ravana approaches Madhu's palace. His sister, Kumbhinasi begs Ravana not to kill Madhu. He agrees and allies himself with Madhu against the gods. Kumbhinasi and Madhu are shown here prostrating themselves at Ravana's feet

BL3283212

Ravana returns to Lanka and is cursed by the women whom he abducted. Ravana is informed by his brother Vibhishana that his sister Kumbharini has been taken away by Madhu

Ravana returns to Lanka and is cursed by the women whom he abducted. Ravana is informed by his brother Vibhishana that his sister Kumbharini has been taken away by Madhu

BL3283213

While camping on Mount Kailasa, Ravana chances upon Rambha. Overcome with desire, he ravishes her despite her pleading that she is his daughter in-law. Demons and gandharvas are shown camping on the left of the folio

While camping on Mount Kailasa, Ravana chances upon Rambha. Overcome with desire, he ravishes her despite her pleading that she is his daughter in-law. Demons and gandharvas are shown camping on the left of the folio

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Indra battles Ravana. Ravana is depicted on the Pushpaka chariot while Indra, the king of the gods, is on his mount Airavata, the white elephant

Indra battles Ravana. Ravana is depicted on the Pushpaka chariot while Indra, the king of the gods, is on his mount Airavata, the white elephant

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Sita visits the hermitages. Lakshmana takes Sita in the chariot to visit the hermitages as she had requested. They rest in a hermitage on the banks of the river Gaumati

Sita visits the hermitages. Lakshmana takes Sita in the chariot to visit the hermitages as she had requested. They rest in a hermitage on the banks of the river Gaumati

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Shatrughana visits Rama and wishes to stay on in Ayodhya with Rama. However, Rama reminds him of his duty to his subjects and grants him permission to stay only for a week

Shatrughana visits Rama and wishes to stay on in Ayodhya with Rama. However, Rama reminds him of his duty to his subjects and grants him permission to stay only for a week

BL3283234

The story of the Dandaka desert. Rama is told the story of how the entire region was cursed with a dust storm that would render Danda, his family and kingdom and all life lifeless within seven days. Danda was cursed for ravishing Aruja, shown in the centre of the folio and the area is henceforth known as the desert of Dandaka

The story of the Dandaka desert. Rama is told the story of how the entire region was cursed with a dust storm that would render Danda, his family and kingdom and all life lifeless within seven days. Danda was cursed for ravishing Aruja, shown in the centre of the folio and the area is henceforth known as the desert of Dandaka

BL3283241

Rama recognises Lava and Kusha as his own sons and decides to have Sita vindicated by oath in front of all. The top left shows Valmiki being approached by Rama's messengers; Sita is shown inside the hut. The lower section depicts Sita being brought to Rama in front of the assembly in order to take her oath and prove her innocence

Rama recognises Lava and Kusha as his own sons and decides to have Sita vindicated by oath in front of all. The top left shows Valmiki being approached by Rama's messengers; Sita is shown inside the hut. The lower section depicts Sita being brought to Rama in front of the assembly in order to take her oath and prove her innocence

BL3283251

Rāvaṇa gives orders (above) to his remaining brothers and ministers and then sets out in his chariot with what remains of his army, with MahÄpÄrÅ›va, Mahodara and VirūpÄká¹£a also in their chariots. SugrÄ«va leads the advance of the monkeys on Rāvaṇa, wielding trees. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a wait in reserve with Aṅgada.

Rāvaṇa gives orders (above) to his remaining brothers and ministers and then sets out in his chariot with what remains of his army, with MahÄpÄrÅ›va, Mahodara and VirūpÄká¹£a also in their chariots. SugrÄ«va leads the advance of the monkeys on Rāvaṇa, wielding trees. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a wait in reserve with Aṅgada.

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Rāma and Sītā together relax and enjoy wine and music played by nymphs and kinnaras; they are shown in theaśoka grove in the palace garden. Filled with wonderful trees, flowers and fruits, it is depicted as a charbagh garden with the palace on the right.

Rāma and Sītā together relax and enjoy wine and music played by nymphs and kinnaras; they are shown in theaśoka grove in the palace garden. Filled with wonderful trees, flowers and fruits, it is depicted as a charbagh garden with the palace on the right.

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Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought his bow, and sets out once more in his chariot, accompanied by his army. An encounter with a lady riding a camel is perhaps one of the ill-omens mentioned on his first setting out for battle.

Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought his bow, and sets out once more in his chariot, accompanied by his army. An encounter with a lady riding a camel is perhaps one of the ill-omens mentioned on his first setting out for battle.

BL3283145

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

BL3283115

Aṅgada is captured by the titans and brought before Rāvaṇa; he delivers Rāma's message about the demon king's inevitable defeat and his offer of single combat. Enraged, Rāvaṇa orders that he be put to death, but Aṅgada breaks free (top right) and creates havoc among the demons, before escaping over the wall and back to Rāma, where he bows before him on the left.

Aṅgada is captured by the titans and brought before Rāvaṇa; he delivers Rāma's message about the demon king's inevitable defeat and his offer of single combat. Enraged, Rāvaṇa orders that he be put to death, but Aṅgada breaks free (top right) and creates havoc among the demons, before escaping over the wall and back to Rāma, where he bows before him on the left.

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Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

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The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

BL3283086

In the renewed battle, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa shoot arrows at the demons, who are being slaughtered wholesale by them and the monkeys with their rocks and trees. A few escape back to the city. The female titans left in the city bewail the deaths of their husbands and sons, and remember the words of MahÄdeva that a woman would bring about the destruction of Rāvaṇa and the titans.

In the renewed battle, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa shoot arrows at the demons, who are being slaughtered wholesale by them and the monkeys with their rocks and trees. A few escape back to the city. The female titans left in the city bewail the deaths of their husbands and sons, and remember the words of MahÄdeva that a woman would bring about the destruction of Rāvaṇa and the titans.

BL3283135

Three of Rāvaṇa's chief generals (DhūmrÄká¹£a, Akampana, Vajradaṃṣṭra) having already been slain in combat in the field, Prahasta, the chief of Rāvaṇa's army, sets out in his chariot surrounded by his army ('like a herd of elephants', here interpreted literally). Ill-omens attend him. A vulture perches on his battle standard which contains the sun, then a cloud showers blood upon him and finally the pole of his standard breaks. The monkey chief Nīla first attacks him with a tree and then crushes him with a rock. Nīla is congratulated by the allies, while Rāvaṇa, seen here at the jharokhā window of his palace, and the demons are sunk in gloom.

Three of Rāvaṇa's chief generals (DhūmrÄká¹£a, Akampana, Vajradaṃṣṭra) having already been slain in combat in the field, Prahasta, the chief of Rāvaṇa's army, sets out in his chariot surrounded by his army ('like a herd of elephants', here interpreted literally). Ill-omens attend him. A vulture perches on his battle standard which contains the sun, then a cloud showers blood upon him and finally the pole of his standard breaks. The monkey chief Nīla first attacks him with a tree and then crushes him with a rock. Nīla is congratulated by the allies, while Rāvaṇa, seen here at the jharokhā window of his palace, and the demons are sunk in gloom.

BL3283090

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

BL3283141

Aṅgada is attacked by the rest of Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers. Mahodara attacks Aṅgada, who pulls out the tusk of his elephant (here SugrÄ«va is depicted doing this). Nīla and Hanumān come to help Aṅgada; Nīla attacks TriÅ›iras with a massive rock while Hanumān kills DevÄntaka with a great buffet. After a tremendous fight, Hanumān cuts off the three heads of TriÅ›iras, while Mahodara also lies slain.

Aṅgada is attacked by the rest of Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers. Mahodara attacks Aṅgada, who pulls out the tusk of his elephant (here SugrÄ«va is depicted doing this). Nīla and Hanumān come to help Aṅgada; Nīla attacks TriÅ›iras with a massive rock while Hanumān kills DevÄntaka with a great buffet. After a tremendous fight, Hanumān cuts off the three heads of TriÅ›iras, while Mahodara also lies slain.

BL3283116

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

BL3283171

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

BL3283175

On the left, Vaisravana leaves Lanka and is seen repairing to Mount Kailasa to live. On the right, Ravana and the demons are shown crossing the ocean and occupying the palace at Lanka

On the left, Vaisravana leaves Lanka and is seen repairing to Mount Kailasa to live. On the right, Ravana and the demons are shown crossing the ocean and occupying the palace at Lanka

BL3283185

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

BL3283186

The left section depicts Ravana fighting Arjuna. Arjuna strikes Ravana with his mace and he falls unconscious. He then captures Ravana and leads him away. The right section depicts Ravana captive in Arjuna's palace. Poulastya appears before Arjuna and requests Ravana's release. Ravana is then shown departing, ashamed from Arjuna's palace

The left section depicts Ravana fighting Arjuna. Arjuna strikes Ravana with his mace and he falls unconscious. He then captures Ravana and leads him away. The right section depicts Ravana captive in Arjuna's palace. Poulastya appears before Arjuna and requests Ravana's release. Ravana is then shown departing, ashamed from Arjuna's palace

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Ravana is shown seated on his throne in the palace in Lanka, surrounded by attendants. His sister, Surpanakha, falls at his feet and bemoans the fact that her husband was killed by Ravana in combat, leaving her widowed

Ravana is shown seated on his throne in the palace in Lanka, surrounded by attendants. His sister, Surpanakha, falls at his feet and bemoans the fact that her husband was killed by Ravana in combat, leaving her widowed

BL3283208

In the top right corner, the living creatures affected by Vayu's actions are shown pleading with Brahma to intervene. Brahma touches Hanuman and restores him to life. Vayu is pleased and restores the vital breath to all living things and each god grants Hanuman a boon giving him great strength

In the top right corner, the living creatures affected by Vayu's actions are shown pleading with Brahma to intervene. Brahma touches Hanuman and restores him to life. Vayu is pleased and restores the vital breath to all living things and each god grants Hanuman a boon giving him great strength

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Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

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A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

BL3283235

Lavana returns from hunting for food and Shatrughana attacks him with arrows, killing him. Shatrughana is lauded by the gods who grant him a boon. As Shatrughana wishes to occupy the kingdom of Madhu (Rama's desire), they grant him his wish. On the left, Shatrughana is seen entering the city gates with his army

Lavana returns from hunting for food and Shatrughana attacks him with arrows, killing him. Shatrughana is lauded by the gods who grant him a boon. As Shatrughana wishes to occupy the kingdom of Madhu (Rama's desire), they grant him his wish. On the left, Shatrughana is seen entering the city gates with his army

BL3283238

After reigning over Madhupura for twelve years, Åšatrughna wished to return to AyodhyÄ to see Rāma again. On the way back, he again stopped at VÄlmÄ«ki's hermitage. He and his attendants are here seated on the right, listening to Rāma's sons, Lava and KuÅ›a, singing and playing the vÄ«á¹‡Ä, with VÄlmÄ«ki and the sages seated on the left.

After reigning over Madhupura for twelve years, Åšatrughna wished to return to AyodhyÄ to see Rāma again. On the way back, he again stopped at VÄlmÄ«ki's hermitage. He and his attendants are here seated on the right, listening to Rāma's sons, Lava and KuÅ›a, singing and playing the vÄ«á¹‡Ä, with VÄlmÄ«ki and the sages seated on the left.

BL3283239

Rama returns to Ayodhya and wishes to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice. Bharata dissuades him from doing so

Rama returns to Ayodhya and wishes to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice. Bharata dissuades him from doing so

BL3283240

After passing through a beautiful forested region, Rama visits the sage Agastya who lives in the Dandaka desert, the dwelling place of ascetics known as Janasthana. The sage Agastya receives Rama and requests him to spend a night at his hermitage

After passing through a beautiful forested region, Rama visits the sage Agastya who lives in the Dandaka desert, the dwelling place of ascetics known as Janasthana. The sage Agastya receives Rama and requests him to spend a night at his hermitage

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The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

BL3283245

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

BL3283246

Above, the sage Durvasa and the ascetic Death are shown visiting Rama. The centre shows Rama and Lakshmana feeding the sage and Rama consulting with his ministers and Vashishta. The lower section shows Durvasa departing, Lakshmana taking leave of Rama and reaching the banks of the Sarayu river where he disrobes and meditates. Above, Indra on his elephant Airavata takes Lakshmana away to heaven

Above, the sage Durvasa and the ascetic Death are shown visiting Rama. The centre shows Rama and Lakshmana feeding the sage and Rama consulting with his ministers and Vashishta. The lower section shows Durvasa departing, Lakshmana taking leave of Rama and reaching the banks of the Sarayu river where he disrobes and meditates. Above, Indra on his elephant Airavata takes Lakshmana away to heaven

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