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Rama enters heaven, from 'Ramayana, Uttara Kanda', 1653 (w/c on paper)

Rama enters heaven, from 'Ramayana, Uttara Kanda', 1653 (w/c on paper)

Indian School, (17th century)

BL748059

Ravana has sent out his mightiest warriors to fight the monkey leaders in single combat, but each in turn has been destroyed. He himself took the field, fighting many of the greatest warriors in turn, until he was faced by Laksmana. Pierced in his breast by Ravana's spear, Laksmana falls unconscious to the ground. Meanwhile Hanuman rushes to Ravana's chariot and strikes him with his fist. Ravana reels from this great buffet and falls in a faint. Hanuman picks up Laksmana and carries him tenderly off the battlefield to Rama, at whose feet he lays him down.

Ravana has sent out his mightiest warriors to fight the monkey leaders in single combat, but each in turn has been destroyed. He himself took the field, fighting many of the greatest warriors in turn, until he was faced by Laksmana. Pierced in his breast by Ravana's spear, Laksmana falls unconscious to the ground. Meanwhile Hanuman rushes to Ravana's chariot and strikes him with his fist. Ravana reels from this great buffet and falls in a faint. Hanuman picks up Laksmana and carries him tenderly off the battlefield to Rama, at whose feet he lays him down.

BL3283094

Lakshmana returns to Ayodhya with the charioteer Sumantra, while Sita is accepted into Valmiki's hermitage

Lakshmana returns to Ayodhya with the charioteer Sumantra, while Sita is accepted into Valmiki's hermitage

BL3283225

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

Hanumān alights with the mountain peak in Laṅkā, where its herbs cure Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as well as all the stricken monkeys and bears. Hanumān then returns to the Himalayas with the mountain peak and sets it back in position. Since the monkeys believe that all of Rāvaṇa's greatest warriors have been killed, forgetting about Indrajit, SugrÄ«va sends them off when night has fallen, with flaming torches to burn Laṅkā.

BL3283122

Ravana's magician son Indrajit again advances on the monkey army, having brewed magic potions to make himself invisible at need. From his chariot and from the sky, where he is invisible, Indrajit overwhelms all the monkey leaders as well as Rama and Laksmana with his Brahma-weapons. They lie prostrate on the ground, riddled with arrows. Vibhisana and Hanuman seek out the wise bear Jambavan (also riddled with arrows), who tells Hanuman to look for the medicinal herbs which grow on the peaks of the Himalayas. Hanuman, using his power as the son of the wind god, assumes his true enormous size before taking off to cross the whole length of India.

Ravana's magician son Indrajit again advances on the monkey army, having brewed magic potions to make himself invisible at need. From his chariot and from the sky, where he is invisible, Indrajit overwhelms all the monkey leaders as well as Rama and Laksmana with his Brahma-weapons. They lie prostrate on the ground, riddled with arrows. Vibhisana and Hanuman seek out the wise bear Jambavan (also riddled with arrows), who tells Hanuman to look for the medicinal herbs which grow on the peaks of the Himalayas. Hanuman, using his power as the son of the wind god, assumes his true enormous size before taking off to cross the whole length of India.

BL3283120

Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and their allies remain in council on the left, while on the right Rāvaṇa listens as his spies tell him of their adventures. Rāvaṇa then goes to theaśoka grove with the magician Vidyujjihva carrying a false head of Rāma to deceive Sītā into thinking he is dead. She faints in horror. Women look down compassionately from terraces above. Meanwhile, monkeys are encircling the city under orders to find out its strengths and weaknesses.

Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and their allies remain in council on the left, while on the right Rāvaṇa listens as his spies tell him of their adventures. Rāvaṇa then goes to theaśoka grove with the magician Vidyujjihva carrying a false head of Rāma to deceive Sītā into thinking he is dead. She faints in horror. Women look down compassionately from terraces above. Meanwhile, monkeys are encircling the city under orders to find out its strengths and weaknesses.

BL3283077

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa continue to pour arrows into the body of Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has monkeys and bears clinging to him and attacking him, while he stuffs one into his mouth and crushes others beneath him. Rāma's great arrow has cut off his left arm. Other demons begin to retreat.

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa continue to pour arrows into the body of Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has monkeys and bears clinging to him and attacking him, while he stuffs one into his mouth and crushes others beneath him. Rāma's great arrow has cut off his left arm. Other demons begin to retreat.

BL3283109

Indrajit advances in his chariot having created an illusory Sītā, whom he holds by the single long tress of her hair. He then cuts off her head and her body falls to the ground. Hanumān and the other monkeys, here SugrÄ«va and Aṅgada, are totally distraught but attack him. Then Hanumān goes to tell Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa of Sītā's apparent death. They look crushed by grief.

Indrajit advances in his chariot having created an illusory Sītā, whom he holds by the single long tress of her hair. He then cuts off her head and her body falls to the ground. Hanumān and the other monkeys, here SugrÄ«va and Aṅgada, are totally distraught but attack him. Then Hanumān goes to tell Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa of Sītā's apparent death. They look crushed by grief.

BL3283125

The monkeys set fire to Laṅkā, to its mansions, gateways and public buildings, destroying their fabric and contents. Laṅkā's inhabitants are roused from their dining tables or their beds and flee in terror. Elephants and horses run down to the sea, while courtesans run hither and thither. As the demons flee, they are attacked by the monkeys. Rāma and his allies look on and then stir themselves into action.

The monkeys set fire to Laṅkā, to its mansions, gateways and public buildings, destroying their fabric and contents. Laṅkā's inhabitants are roused from their dining tables or their beds and flee in terror. Elephants and horses run down to the sea, while courtesans run hither and thither. As the demons flee, they are attacked by the monkeys. Rāma and his allies look on and then stir themselves into action.

BL3283117

Rāma and Sītā together relax and enjoy wine and music played by nymphs and kinnaras; they are shown in theaśoka grove in the palace garden. Filled with wonderful trees, flowers and fruits, it is depicted as a charbagh garden with the palace on the right.

Rāma and Sītā together relax and enjoy wine and music played by nymphs and kinnaras; they are shown in theaśoka grove in the palace garden. Filled with wonderful trees, flowers and fruits, it is depicted as a charbagh garden with the palace on the right.

BL3264949

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

In the palace, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers and sons are bowed down by grief and Rāvaṇa wonders how he can ever be victorious in this conflict, when so many demon champions have been slain. Another son, Indrajit, boasts that he will overcome Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and sets out in his chariot, surrounded by other demons on elephants, horses and in chariots. In a separate chamber (the text actually says on the battlefield), he prepares offerings, seizing a young black goat by the neck, to the god of Fire in order to conjure up his most magical weapons and to make himself invisible.

BL3283115

Aṅgada is captured by the titans and brought before Rāvaṇa; he delivers Rāma's message about the demon king's inevitable defeat and his offer of single combat. Enraged, Rāvaṇa orders that he be put to death, but Aṅgada breaks free (top right) and creates havoc among the demons, before escaping over the wall and back to Rāma, where he bows before him on the left.

Aṅgada is captured by the titans and brought before Rāvaṇa; he delivers Rāma's message about the demon king's inevitable defeat and his offer of single combat. Enraged, Rāvaṇa orders that he be put to death, but Aṅgada breaks free (top right) and creates havoc among the demons, before escaping over the wall and back to Rāma, where he bows before him on the left.

BL3283074

Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

Sītā begs Rāvaṇa to kill her so that she may join her husband in death, but Rāvaṇa is summoned to meet his general Prahasta and his ministers, leaving Sītā to be disabused of her belief that Rāma is dead by the compassionate rÄká¹£asÄ« SaramÄ. Rāvaṇa orders the beating of the drums to summon his forces, which are crowded behind the walls. His maternal grandfather MÄlyavÄn advises surrendering Sītā, and lists the terrible portents that have been seen in the city, including interbreeding of animals, but to no avail. Rāma confers with his allies - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - as to the best plan of assault, while the monkeys begin to besiege the city.

BL3283078

Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought his bow, and sets out once more in his chariot, accompanied by his army. An encounter with a lady riding a camel is perhaps one of the ill-omens mentioned on his first setting out for battle.

Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought his bow, and sets out once more in his chariot, accompanied by his army. An encounter with a lady riding a camel is perhaps one of the ill-omens mentioned on his first setting out for battle.

BL3283145

The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

The result of the general assault has been inconclusive and the battle has continued long into the night. Aṅgada thought he had killed Indrajit, but the demon had just made himself invisible in his sky-chariot, and now has pierced Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa with his magic weapons. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa lie on the battlefield, ensnared in these serpentine coils, while the monkeys give way to despair. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a consoles them as he knows that Rāma will not die from these weapons. Indrajit returns in triumph to his father Rāvaṇa, who rises from his seat to congratulate him. Rāvaṇa then makes Trijaá¹Ä, one of the female demons, take Sītā in his flying chariot over the battlefield to see her husband and his brother apparently lying slain.

BL3283086

Ravana allies himself to Madhu. Ravana gathers his army and departs to confront Madhu, shown in the foreground. Ravana approaches Madhu's palace. His sister, Kumbhinasi begs Ravana not to kill Madhu. He agrees and allies himself with Madhu against the gods. Kumbhinasi and Madhu are shown here prostrating themselves at Ravana's feet

Ravana allies himself to Madhu. Ravana gathers his army and departs to confront Madhu, shown in the foreground. Ravana approaches Madhu's palace. His sister, Kumbhinasi begs Ravana not to kill Madhu. He agrees and allies himself with Madhu against the gods. Kumbhinasi and Madhu are shown here prostrating themselves at Ravana's feet

BL3283212

Ravana returns to Lanka and is cursed by the women whom he abducted. Ravana is informed by his brother Vibhishana that his sister Kumbharini has been taken away by Madhu

Ravana returns to Lanka and is cursed by the women whom he abducted. Ravana is informed by his brother Vibhishana that his sister Kumbharini has been taken away by Madhu

BL3283213

While camping on Mount Kailasa, Ravana chances upon Rambha. Overcome with desire, he ravishes her despite her pleading that she is his daughter in-law. Demons and gandharvas are shown camping on the left of the folio

While camping on Mount Kailasa, Ravana chances upon Rambha. Overcome with desire, he ravishes her despite her pleading that she is his daughter in-law. Demons and gandharvas are shown camping on the left of the folio

BL3283215

Indra battles Ravana. Ravana is depicted on the Pushpaka chariot while Indra, the king of the gods, is on his mount Airavata, the white elephant

Indra battles Ravana. Ravana is depicted on the Pushpaka chariot while Indra, the king of the gods, is on his mount Airavata, the white elephant

BL3283218

Sita visits the hermitages. Lakshmana takes Sita in the chariot to visit the hermitages as she had requested. They rest in a hermitage on the banks of the river Gaumati

Sita visits the hermitages. Lakshmana takes Sita in the chariot to visit the hermitages as she had requested. They rest in a hermitage on the banks of the river Gaumati

BL3283223

Shatrughana visits Rama and wishes to stay on in Ayodhya with Rama. However, Rama reminds him of his duty to his subjects and grants him permission to stay only for a week

Shatrughana visits Rama and wishes to stay on in Ayodhya with Rama. However, Rama reminds him of his duty to his subjects and grants him permission to stay only for a week

BL3283234

The story of the Dandaka desert. Rama is told the story of how the entire region was cursed with a dust storm that would render Danda, his family and kingdom and all life lifeless within seven days. Danda was cursed for ravishing Aruja, shown in the centre of the folio and the area is henceforth known as the desert of Dandaka

The story of the Dandaka desert. Rama is told the story of how the entire region was cursed with a dust storm that would render Danda, his family and kingdom and all life lifeless within seven days. Danda was cursed for ravishing Aruja, shown in the centre of the folio and the area is henceforth known as the desert of Dandaka

BL3283241

Rama recognises Lava and Kusha as his own sons and decides to have Sita vindicated by oath in front of all. The top left shows Valmiki being approached by Rama's messengers; Sita is shown inside the hut. The lower section depicts Sita being brought to Rama in front of the assembly in order to take her oath and prove her innocence

Rama recognises Lava and Kusha as his own sons and decides to have Sita vindicated by oath in front of all. The top left shows Valmiki being approached by Rama's messengers; Sita is shown inside the hut. The lower section depicts Sita being brought to Rama in front of the assembly in order to take her oath and prove her innocence

BL3283251

Rāvaṇa gives orders (above) to his remaining brothers and ministers and then sets out in his chariot with what remains of his army, with MahÄpÄrÅ›va, Mahodara and VirūpÄká¹£a also in their chariots. SugrÄ«va leads the advance of the monkeys on Rāvaṇa, wielding trees. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a wait in reserve with Aṅgada.

Rāvaṇa gives orders (above) to his remaining brothers and ministers and then sets out in his chariot with what remains of his army, with MahÄpÄrÅ›va, Mahodara and VirūpÄká¹£a also in their chariots. SugrÄ«va leads the advance of the monkeys on Rāvaṇa, wielding trees. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a wait in reserve with Aṅgada.

BL3283138

The great eagle Garuá¸a, vehicle of Viá¹£á¹‡u himself, flies down from heaven and his mere presence releases Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa from their magic serpentine bonds as the snakes go gliding off (eagles are the traditional enemies of snakes), while his touch heals their wounds. He pays them homage along with VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, SugrÄ«va and other monkeys. Rāma wonders who this great being might be, but Garuá¸a assures him he will know once he has achieved success in the fight and Sītā has been restored to him. The monkeys then howl out their triumph at this turn of events and hurl themselves at Laṅkā once more, wielding tree trunks.

The great eagle Garuá¸a, vehicle of Viá¹£á¹‡u himself, flies down from heaven and his mere presence releases Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa from their magic serpentine bonds as the snakes go gliding off (eagles are the traditional enemies of snakes), while his touch heals their wounds. He pays them homage along with VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, SugrÄ«va and other monkeys. Rāma wonders who this great being might be, but Garuá¸a assures him he will know once he has achieved success in the fight and Sītā has been restored to him. The monkeys then howl out their triumph at this turn of events and hurl themselves at Laṅkā once more, wielding tree trunks.

BL3283081

The royal procession enters AyodhyÄ in triumph. Rāma and Sītā are in one carriage and the three brothers in another, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the allied chiefs all ride on elephants. The procession arrives at the palace through the bazaar with its festive hangings and with bowing shopkeepers. They are met at the gates of the zenana by ladies and, inside the queens' quarters, the four brothers and Sītā bow before KausalyÄ, Kaikeyī and SumitrÄ. Even Kaikeyī is forgiven.

The royal procession enters AyodhyÄ in triumph. Rāma and Sītā are in one carriage and the three brothers in another, while VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the allied chiefs all ride on elephants. The procession arrives at the palace through the bazaar with its festive hangings and with bowing shopkeepers. They are met at the gates of the zenana by ladies and, inside the queens' quarters, the four brothers and Sītā bow before KausalyÄ, Kaikeyī and SumitrÄ. Even Kaikeyī is forgiven.

BL3283161

Bali and Ravana are shown four times in this folio, twice performing the sandhya ceremony, then flying with Ravana attached to his girdle and finally on the left, they are seen approaching Kishkinda

Bali and Ravana are shown four times in this folio, twice performing the sandhya ceremony, then flying with Ravana attached to his girdle and finally on the left, they are seen approaching Kishkinda

BL3283198

Three of Rāvaṇa's chief generals (DhūmrÄká¹£a, Akampana, Vajradaṃṣṭra) having already been slain in combat in the field, Prahasta, the chief of Rāvaṇa's army, sets out in his chariot surrounded by his army ('like a herd of elephants', here interpreted literally). Ill-omens attend him. A vulture perches on his battle standard which contains the sun, then a cloud showers blood upon him and finally the pole of his standard breaks. The monkey chief Nīla first attacks him with a tree and then crushes him with a rock. Nīla is congratulated by the allies, while Rāvaṇa, seen here at the jharokhā window of his palace, and the demons are sunk in gloom.

Three of Rāvaṇa's chief generals (DhūmrÄká¹£a, Akampana, Vajradaṃṣṭra) having already been slain in combat in the field, Prahasta, the chief of Rāvaṇa's army, sets out in his chariot surrounded by his army ('like a herd of elephants', here interpreted literally). Ill-omens attend him. A vulture perches on his battle standard which contains the sun, then a cloud showers blood upon him and finally the pole of his standard breaks. The monkey chief Nīla first attacks him with a tree and then crushes him with a rock. Nīla is congratulated by the allies, while Rāvaṇa, seen here at the jharokhā window of his palace, and the demons are sunk in gloom.

BL3283090

In the renewed battle, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa shoot arrows at the demons, who are being slaughtered wholesale by them and the monkeys with their rocks and trees. A few escape back to the city. The female titans left in the city bewail the deaths of their husbands and sons, and remember the words of MahÄdeva that a woman would bring about the destruction of Rāvaṇa and the titans.

In the renewed battle, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa shoot arrows at the demons, who are being slaughtered wholesale by them and the monkeys with their rocks and trees. A few escape back to the city. The female titans left in the city bewail the deaths of their husbands and sons, and remember the words of MahÄdeva that a woman would bring about the destruction of Rāvaṇa and the titans.

BL3283135

SugrÄ«va bites off Kumhakará¹‡a's nose and rips off his ears. Thrown to the ground to be crushed beneath Kumbhakará¹‡a's feet, he bounds free and back towards Rāma. Kumbhakará¹‡a returns to battle, gathering up monkeys and stuffing them into his mouth, while the allies, now including Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, advance on him again.

SugrÄ«va bites off Kumhakará¹‡a's nose and rips off his ears. Thrown to the ground to be crushed beneath Kumbhakará¹‡a's feet, he bounds free and back towards Rāma. Kumbhakará¹‡a returns to battle, gathering up monkeys and stuffing them into his mouth, while the allies, now including Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, advance on him again.

BL3283110

In the palace of Laṅkā, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers, Mahodara and MahÄpÄrÅ›va, and sons DevÄntaka, NarÄntaka, TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are bowed down by grief at the news of Kumbhakará¹‡a's death. Rāvaṇa regretfully remembers VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's wise words. His brothers and sons now set forth to do battle (below), accompanied by armed men on horseback and on foot. Mahodara is on an elephant, the three-headed TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are in a chariot, and NarÄntaka is on a white horse, as in the text. The vehicles of DevÄntaka and MahÄpÄrÅ›va are unspecified, but here they are in chariots. The allies are seen in council on the left.

In the palace of Laṅkā, Rāvaṇa and his remaining brothers, Mahodara and MahÄpÄrÅ›va, and sons DevÄntaka, NarÄntaka, TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are bowed down by grief at the news of Kumbhakará¹‡a's death. Rāvaṇa regretfully remembers VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a's wise words. His brothers and sons now set forth to do battle (below), accompanied by armed men on horseback and on foot. Mahodara is on an elephant, the three-headed TriÅ›iras and AtikÄya are in a chariot, and NarÄntaka is on a white horse, as in the text. The vehicles of DevÄntaka and MahÄpÄrÅ›va are unspecified, but here they are in chariots. The allies are seen in council on the left.

BL3283113

Various individual combats take place between monkeys and demons. SugrÄ«va, at the bottom, wielding a tree, first kills VirūpÄká¹£a and then Mahodara, at the top, whose head he cuts off. Aṅgada meanwhile is advancing on MahÄpÄrÅ›va and eventually kills him. The leaders are held in reserve on each side.

Various individual combats take place between monkeys and demons. SugrÄ«va, at the bottom, wielding a tree, first kills VirūpÄká¹£a and then Mahodara, at the top, whose head he cuts off. Aṅgada meanwhile is advancing on MahÄpÄrÅ›va and eventually kills him. The leaders are held in reserve on each side.

BL3283139

The two chariots charge at one another, arrows flying. Rāvaṇa's horses have developed leonine heads, perhaps a reference to the sinister portents which again surround Rāvaṇa, while his serpent standard is drooping. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has his eyes fixed firmly on Rāma's face and the solar standard above him, as he urges Rāma on.

The two chariots charge at one another, arrows flying. Rāvaṇa's horses have developed leonine heads, perhaps a reference to the sinister portents which again surround Rāvaṇa, while his serpent standard is drooping. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a has his eyes fixed firmly on Rāma's face and the solar standard above him, as he urges Rāma on.

BL3283147

Rāvaṇa's body is burnt with the prescribed wooden vessels on the pyre set alight by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a. Lakṣmaṇa, seen at the bottom on the left, offers piá¹‡á¸a cakes to Rāma (this is not in the text). At the top on the left, Rāma divests himself of his divine armour and sends MÄtali and his chariot back to Indra. He tells Lakṣmaṇa to consecrate VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a king of Laṅkā. Lakṣmaṇa leads VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and Hanumān into the city and is seen on the right anointing VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, who is seated on a throne, while Hanumān assists with a dish of sweets.

Rāvaṇa's body is burnt with the prescribed wooden vessels on the pyre set alight by VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a. Lakṣmaṇa, seen at the bottom on the left, offers piá¹‡á¸a cakes to Rāma (this is not in the text). At the top on the left, Rāma divests himself of his divine armour and sends MÄtali and his chariot back to Indra. He tells Lakṣmaṇa to consecrate VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a king of Laṅkā. Lakṣmaṇa leads VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and Hanumān into the city and is seen on the right anointing VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, who is seated on a throne, while Hanumān assists with a dish of sweets.

BL3283150

Kumbhakará¹‡a comes to see his brother and when informed of Rāvaṇa's fears, chides him for ignoring all that VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a had told him. However, he boasts to Rāvaṇa that he will kill Rāma and all his allies and devour all his foes. Outside the palace, Rāma and his allies are seated discussing the situation. The size of Kumbhakará¹‡a has terrified most of the monkey army and Rāma lays plans to deal with him. The palace building on the right - perhaps the zenana - has an arched window as a jharokhā, with a cloth hanging over the parapet and circular windows with lotus petal patterns.

Kumbhakará¹‡a comes to see his brother and when informed of Rāvaṇa's fears, chides him for ignoring all that VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a had told him. However, he boasts to Rāvaṇa that he will kill Rāma and all his allies and devour all his foes. Outside the palace, Rāma and his allies are seated discussing the situation. The size of Kumbhakará¹‡a has terrified most of the monkey army and Rāma lays plans to deal with him. The palace building on the right - perhaps the zenana - has an arched window as a jharokhā, with a cloth hanging over the parapet and circular windows with lotus petal patterns.

BL3283101

Abandoning the bloody scene of the battle, with its heaps of dead beside Indrajit's sacrificial chamber, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a support the wounded Lakṣmaṇa as they return to Rāma. Rāma receives his brother with great joy, seats him tenderly on his lap and lovingly smells his head. His wounds are healed by the herb which Suá¹£eá¹‡a places beneath his nostrils, as all around monkeys rejoice.

Abandoning the bloody scene of the battle, with its heaps of dead beside Indrajit's sacrificial chamber, Hanumān and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a support the wounded Lakṣmaṇa as they return to Rāma. Rāma receives his brother with great joy, seats him tenderly on his lap and lovingly smells his head. His wounds are healed by the herb which Suá¹£eá¹‡a places beneath his nostrils, as all around monkeys rejoice.

BL3283130

Lakshmana returns to Rama. On the left, Rama tells Lakshmana the story of King Nriga and the two brahmins, painted on the right and bottom of the folio

Lakshmana returns to Rama. On the left, Rama tells Lakshmana the story of King Nriga and the two brahmins, painted on the right and bottom of the folio

BL3283226

Rama summons his brothers. Rama's courtiers are shown returning to the palace to inform Rama of the rumours concerning Sita. Rama is shown speaking to his brothers, asking them to take Sita and leave her in the hermitage of Valmiki

Rama summons his brothers. Rama's courtiers are shown returning to the palace to inform Rama of the rumours concerning Sita. Rama is shown speaking to his brothers, asking them to take Sita and leave her in the hermitage of Valmiki

BL3283227

The abandonment of Sita. Sita and Lakshmana are shown crossing the river Ganges. Lakshmana, with hands crossed, begs Sita's forgiveness for leaving her behind when she faints

The abandonment of Sita. Sita and Lakshmana are shown crossing the river Ganges. Lakshmana, with hands crossed, begs Sita's forgiveness for leaving her behind when she faints

BL3283231

Rama tours his kingdom. Rama is seen summoning the Pushpaka chariot on the left and disembarking the chariot on the right. Rama discovers a shudra practising penance and kills him by cutting off his head. The gods approve and shower him with flowers

Rama tours his kingdom. Rama is seen summoning the Pushpaka chariot on the left and disembarking the chariot on the right. Rama discovers a shudra practising penance and kills him by cutting off his head. The gods approve and shower him with flowers

BL3283236

Rama is told he is to be regent. Rama leaves his father's palace. Rama tells his mother Kaushalya who distributes presents of cows

Rama is told he is to be regent. Rama leaves his father's palace. Rama tells his mother Kaushalya who distributes presents of cows

BL3283243

The top of the folio shows Agastya presenting Rama with a jewel of divine origin, wrought by the god Visvakarma. The bottom section tells the story of Agastya's acquisition of the jewel

The top of the folio shows Agastya presenting Rama with a jewel of divine origin, wrought by the god Visvakarma. The bottom section tells the story of Agastya's acquisition of the jewel

BL3283244

Ila and the maidens are shown bathing in the lake and meeting the sage Budha on the left. On the right, Budha and Ila together, and the right lower section shows Ila transformed into a male requesting Budha's permission to return to his kingdom

Ila and the maidens are shown bathing in the lake and meeting the sage Budha on the left. On the right, Budha and Ila together, and the right lower section shows Ila transformed into a male requesting Budha's permission to return to his kingdom

BL3283249

The three sons of Sukesha marry three beautiful gandharvis (celestial angels) and have children. The three families are shown in three horizontal registers, starting with the eldest son, wife and children in the top register

The three sons of Sukesha marry three beautiful gandharvis (celestial angels) and have children. The three families are shown in three horizontal registers, starting with the eldest son, wife and children in the top register

BL3283173

Vaisravana is seen crossing the ocean in a Pushpaka chariot towards the city of Lanka, painted on the left. A doorkeeper stands guard in front of the palace at Lanka. Visravas seated in his hut is shown on the right

Vaisravana is seen crossing the ocean in a Pushpaka chariot towards the city of Lanka, painted on the left. A doorkeeper stands guard in front of the palace at Lanka. Visravas seated in his hut is shown on the right

BL3283170

Ravana is shown on his horse surrounded by attendants and accompanied by huntsmen, on the right. The sage Maya, his daughter and other children are seated on a mat in front of their hut. Maya is shown in conversation with Ravana. Ravana is then depicted marrying Mandodari, the sage's daughter, in the background

Ravana is shown on his horse surrounded by attendants and accompanied by huntsmen, on the right. The sage Maya, his daughter and other children are seated on a mat in front of their hut. Maya is shown in conversation with Ravana. Ravana is then depicted marrying Mandodari, the sage's daughter, in the background

BL3283184

Dhanada (Vaisravana) is depicted at his palace giving the yakshas orders to fight. Below, the yakshas are shown emerging from their caves in the mountain, ready to fight. The demon army led by Ravana is shown on the right in battle with the yakshas

Dhanada (Vaisravana) is depicted at his palace giving the yakshas orders to fight. Below, the yakshas are shown emerging from their caves in the mountain, ready to fight. The demon army led by Ravana is shown on the right in battle with the yakshas

BL3283187

Ravana is shown riding the Pushpaka chariot on the right. He is shown again in the centre holding Mount Kailasa and shaking it in order to teach the god Siva a lesson

Ravana is shown riding the Pushpaka chariot on the right. He is shown again in the centre holding Mount Kailasa and shaking it in order to teach the god Siva a lesson

BL3283189

Ravana is shown on his Pushpaka chariot on the left, descending with his demons to the world of Yama. Narada the sage also descends into the nether regions to witness the imminent struggle. The foreground depicts scenes of the dead being led away by Yama's ferocious attendants

Ravana is shown on his Pushpaka chariot on the left, descending with his demons to the world of Yama. Narada the sage also descends into the nether regions to witness the imminent struggle. The foreground depicts scenes of the dead being led away by Yama's ferocious attendants

BL3283199

Narada is shown riding in a celestial boat and conversing with Ravana who rides in the Pushpaka chariot. Narada instigates Ravana to overcome Yama, the god of death instead of harassing mortals on earth. The demons are depicted in the foreground ravaging the rishis who live in the forest

Narada is shown riding in a celestial boat and conversing with Ravana who rides in the Pushpaka chariot. Narada instigates Ravana to overcome Yama, the god of death instead of harassing mortals on earth. The demons are depicted in the foreground ravaging the rishis who live in the forest

BL3283200

Ravana is shown aiming arrows at his adversary from the puspaka chariot, and Yama is shown fighting while riding on his vehicle, the buffalo. Brahma is painted between them riding in a celestial boat. Brahma intervenes in the battle and forbids Yama from killing Ravana as he has a boon

Ravana is shown aiming arrows at his adversary from the puspaka chariot, and Yama is shown fighting while riding on his vehicle, the buffalo. Brahma is painted between them riding in a celestial boat. Brahma intervenes in the battle and forbids Yama from killing Ravana as he has a boon

BL3283201

Hanuman's childhood. The top left shows Hanuman leaping towards the sun having perceived it as a fruit. Hanuman's father, Vayu, follows him on a deer, fearful his son will be burnt by the sun's rays. Rahu, shown as a disembodied head, is pleading with Indra to stop Hanuman on the right. Indra is depicted following Hanuman, striking him with a thunderbolt. Hanuman is then shown falling off the mountain in the centre of the folio

Hanuman's childhood. The top left shows Hanuman leaping towards the sun having perceived it as a fruit. Hanuman's father, Vayu, follows him on a deer, fearful his son will be burnt by the sun's rays. Rahu, shown as a disembodied head, is pleading with Indra to stop Hanuman on the right. Indra is depicted following Hanuman, striking him with a thunderbolt. Hanuman is then shown falling off the mountain in the centre of the folio

BL3283219

The monkeys flee when VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a comes back towards Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, since they think he is Indrajit. Text and illustration include the episode where NÄrada with his vÄ«á¹‡Ä comes down in a chariot and utters the NÄradastuti in praise of NÄrÄyaá¹‡a. Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought dishes of food.

The monkeys flee when VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a comes back towards Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, since they think he is Indrajit. Text and illustration include the episode where NÄrada with his vÄ«á¹‡Ä comes down in a chariot and utters the NÄradastuti in praise of NÄrÄyaá¹‡a. Rāvaṇa, in his palace, is brought dishes of food.

BL3283087

Kumbhakará¹‡a is back on his chariot and is advancing with demons behind him, his battle standard marked with a snake. Rāma and his chief allies are holding a council, with many looking fearfully over the hill at the advancing Kumbhakará¹‡a. All the monkeys have fled before the mighty demon and one monkey, presumably Aṅgada with his golden armlets, is reproaching them and attempting to rally their spirits.

Kumbhakará¹‡a is back on his chariot and is advancing with demons behind him, his battle standard marked with a snake. Rāma and his chief allies are holding a council, with many looking fearfully over the hill at the advancing Kumbhakará¹‡a. All the monkeys have fled before the mighty demon and one monkey, presumably Aṅgada with his golden armlets, is reproaching them and attempting to rally their spirits.

BL3283104

Rāvaṇa is overwhelmed by grief (all his heads in profile) on hearing of his last remaining son's death. Then furious with rage, he rushes with his upraised sword at Sītā, who calmly awaits her fate seated in her grove, but he is restrained by his minister SupÄrÅ›va. In order to intimidate Rāma for his own going forth on the morrow, he decides to send out his army yet again to the accompaniment of war-drums and trumpets being beaten and blown, while his own bow is made ready.

Rāvaṇa is overwhelmed by grief (all his heads in profile) on hearing of his last remaining son's death. Then furious with rage, he rushes with his upraised sword at Sītā, who calmly awaits her fate seated in her grove, but he is restrained by his minister SupÄrÅ›va. In order to intimidate Rāma for his own going forth on the morrow, he decides to send out his army yet again to the accompaniment of war-drums and trumpets being beaten and blown, while his own bow is made ready.

BL3283128

Rāma and Rāvaṇa renew their assaults on each other. The gods have decided that the contest is unequal, since Rāvaṇa is in his chariot while Rāma is on foot, so MÄtali, charioteer of the god Indra, at his master's command brings to Rāma Indra's chariot, with Indra's arms and armour in it (arms only according to the text). As a divine happening, MÄtali's meeting with Rāma is depicted over the horizon. MÄtali drives Rāma (now clad in Indra's golden armour) and Lakṣmaṇa into battle, the chariot's pennant being the solar standard of Mewar. Rāvaṇa in his chariot with its serpent standard advances to meet him. The two exchange furious onslaughts on each other as well as threats, but Rāma's attack, combined with the assaults of the monkeys, prove too much for Rāvaṇa, and his charioteer removes him from the battlefield for a respite, much to his master's fury.

Rāma and Rāvaṇa renew their assaults on each other. The gods have decided that the contest is unequal, since Rāvaṇa is in his chariot while Rāma is on foot, so MÄtali, charioteer of the god Indra, at his master's command brings to Rāma Indra's chariot, with Indra's arms and armour in it (arms only according to the text). As a divine happening, MÄtali's meeting with Rāma is depicted over the horizon. MÄtali drives Rāma (now clad in Indra's golden armour) and Lakṣmaṇa into battle, the chariot's pennant being the solar standard of Mewar. Rāvaṇa in his chariot with its serpent standard advances to meet him. The two exchange furious onslaughts on each other as well as threats, but Rāma's attack, combined with the assaults of the monkeys, prove too much for Rāvaṇa, and his charioteer removes him from the battlefield for a respite, much to his master's fury.

BL3283144

Hanumān lands with his mountain peak just outside the walls of Laṅkā and various monkeys start to explore it. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a seems to be making a herbal poultice, while Suá¹£eá¹‡a holds a magical healing herb under Lakṣmaṇa's nose, which cures him miraculously. Lakṣmaṇa arises and he and Rāma embrace. Rāma tells him that neither Sītā, nor victory, nor life itself would hold any meaning for him without his brother, but Lakṣmaṇa reproves him: it is his duty to slay Rāvaṇa that very day and recover his wife. Demons run to tell Rāvaṇa in his palace of Hanumān 's arrival.

Hanumān lands with his mountain peak just outside the walls of Laṅkā and various monkeys start to explore it. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a seems to be making a herbal poultice, while Suá¹£eá¹‡a holds a magical healing herb under Lakṣmaṇa's nose, which cures him miraculously. Lakṣmaṇa arises and he and Rāma embrace. Rāma tells him that neither Sītā, nor victory, nor life itself would hold any meaning for him without his brother, but Lakṣmaṇa reproves him: it is his duty to slay Rāvaṇa that very day and recover his wife. Demons run to tell Rāvaṇa in his palace of Hanumān 's arrival.

BL3283146

Brahma is seen flying on his mount, the goose, and again in the left foreground granting the young Vaisravana a boon as the Lord of Wealth. Vaisravana is shown in the Pushpaka chariot in the background and then with his father Visravas, when he asks for advice on where to live

Brahma is seen flying on his mount, the goose, and again in the left foreground granting the young Vaisravana a boon as the Lord of Wealth. Vaisravana is shown in the Pushpaka chariot in the background and then with his father Visravas, when he asks for advice on where to live

BL3283166

Bharadvaja talks to his daughter and offers her to Visravas, who receives her into his hermitage on the left. Flowers are showered from heaven on the birth of Visravas' son, named Vaishravana

Bharadvaja talks to his daughter and offers her to Visravas, who receives her into his hermitage on the left. Flowers are showered from heaven on the birth of Visravas' son, named Vaishravana

BL3283167

Sukesha obtains sovereignty of the rakshasas on account of rigid penance and ascetic practices. He is shown first as an ascetic in the foreground of the painting. Sukesha and Devavati are then shown seated in a pavilion on the left with their sons Malyavan, Sumali and Mali directly outside

Sukesha obtains sovereignty of the rakshasas on account of rigid penance and ascetic practices. He is shown first as an ascetic in the foreground of the painting. Sukesha and Devavati are then shown seated in a pavilion on the left with their sons Malyavan, Sumali and Mali directly outside

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