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Four further spies are sent out from the city by Rāvaṇa, but again they are recognised and set upon by the monkeys. They return crestfallen to Laṅkā. Rāma and his allies are depicted beneath the Suvela mountain on the left.

Four further spies are sent out from the city by Rāvaṇa, but again they are recognised and set upon by the monkeys. They return crestfallen to Laṅkā. Rāma and his allies are depicted beneath the Suvela mountain on the left.

BL3283079

Rāma on his throne, with his brothers behind holding a parasol and chowries, bids farewell to all his helpers, who are still in human form. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a sets off in his chariot, and an elephant and a horse await others. With Rāma's coronation begins his auspicious reign, a truly golden age for mankind - RÄm-rÄjya, Rāma's rule.

Rāma on his throne, with his brothers behind holding a parasol and chowries, bids farewell to all his helpers, who are still in human form. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a sets off in his chariot, and an elephant and a horse await others. With Rāma's coronation begins his auspicious reign, a truly golden age for mankind - RÄm-rÄjya, Rāma's rule.

BL3283163

Kumbhakará¹‡a has woken up and is still seated picking at a bone, while he is offered a jar of drink. Rāvaṇa's ministers, their chief YūpÄká¹£a to the fore, tell him they have woken him up since his brother needs him to defeat Rāma and his monkey allies. A man waves a cloth behind Kumbhakará¹‡a's head, another presents a pitcher for him to drink, while a third kneels at a small Åšivaliá¹…ga shrine, performing ÄratÄ« with candles and a bell in his hands.

Kumbhakará¹‡a has woken up and is still seated picking at a bone, while he is offered a jar of drink. Rāvaṇa's ministers, their chief YūpÄká¹£a to the fore, tell him they have woken him up since his brother needs him to defeat Rāma and his monkey allies. A man waves a cloth behind Kumbhakará¹‡a's head, another presents a pitcher for him to drink, while a third kneels at a small Åšivaliá¹…ga shrine, performing ÄratÄ« with candles and a bell in his hands.

BL3283098

Kumbhakará¹‡a approaches Rāvaṇa, who is seated in his Puá¹£paka chariot rather than his proper throne, and then bows before him, while outside the walls of Laṅkā, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a tells the astonished Rāma and his friends the story of Kumbhakará¹‡a. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a says that his brother Kumbhakará¹‡a was such a scourge of the earth that BrahmÄ cursed him to be perpetually asleep, but that, on appeal from Rāvaṇa, BrahmÄ agreed that after six months of sleep he could be awake for one day. Lakṣmaṇa has managed to cure himself by recollecting that he is in part Viá¹£á¹‡u and is now up and about.

Kumbhakará¹‡a approaches Rāvaṇa, who is seated in his Puá¹£paka chariot rather than his proper throne, and then bows before him, while outside the walls of Laṅkā, VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a tells the astonished Rāma and his friends the story of Kumbhakará¹‡a. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a says that his brother Kumbhakará¹‡a was such a scourge of the earth that BrahmÄ cursed him to be perpetually asleep, but that, on appeal from Rāvaṇa, BrahmÄ agreed that after six months of sleep he could be awake for one day. Lakṣmaṇa has managed to cure himself by recollecting that he is in part Viá¹£á¹‡u and is now up and about.

BL3283099

The daughters of King Kusha are wed to Brahmadatta. Through his yogic powers he restores the daughters to their former beauty which pleases King Kusha greatly

The daughters of King Kusha are wed to Brahmadatta. Through his yogic powers he restores the daughters to their former beauty which pleases King Kusha greatly

BL3285845

Vashishta is shown summoning Shabala, the wish-fulfilling cow to prepare a spectacular feast for Visvamitra

Vashishta is shown summoning Shabala, the wish-fulfilling cow to prepare a spectacular feast for Visvamitra

BL3304072

Upon ascending to heaven Trishanku is met by Indra, the King of Gods, who says he has no place in heaven as ordained by his guru Vasishta and should descend to earth again. As Trishanku is falling to earth, he cries out to Visvamitra for help

Upon ascending to heaven Trishanku is met by Indra, the King of Gods, who says he has no place in heaven as ordained by his guru Vasishta and should descend to earth again. As Trishanku is falling to earth, he cries out to Visvamitra for help

BL3301623

Hanumān next slays Rāvaṇa's five generals and scatters their armies. Rāvaṇa then sends out his son Aká¹£a, a youthful yet mighty warrior. Hanumān is impressed by the youthful prince's martial powers but finally kills him by leaping into the air with him and then dashing him to pieces on the ground. Rāvaṇa's troops flee in all directions.

Hanumān next slays Rāvaṇa's five generals and scatters their armies. Rāvaṇa then sends out his son Aká¹£a, a youthful yet mighty warrior. Hanumān is impressed by the youthful prince's martial powers but finally kills him by leaping into the air with him and then dashing him to pieces on the ground. Rāvaṇa's troops flee in all directions.

BL3306344

Hanumān has allowed himself to be bound and taken before Rāvaṇa, who is seated on a great throne in his palace, with his ministers around him. He announces himself as the messenger of Rāma and demands Sītā's return. Rāvaṇa angrily orders him to be put to death, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, Rāvaṇa's brother, humbly entreats Rāvaṇa to spare the life of a messenger, as envoys may be punished but not killed. Rāvaṇa orders Hanumān instead to be led through the city with his tail bound in oily rags and set alight. Hanumān first allows himself to suffer this indignity, but then frees himself and sets fire to the city with his blazing tail.

Hanumān has allowed himself to be bound and taken before Rāvaṇa, who is seated on a great throne in his palace, with his ministers around him. He announces himself as the messenger of Rāma and demands Sītā's return. Rāvaṇa angrily orders him to be put to death, but VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a, Rāvaṇa's brother, humbly entreats Rāvaṇa to spare the life of a messenger, as envoys may be punished but not killed. Rāvaṇa orders Hanumān instead to be led through the city with his tail bound in oily rags and set alight. Hanumān first allows himself to suffer this indignity, but then frees himself and sets fire to the city with his blazing tail.

BL3306346

Dadhimukha informs SugrÄ«va of the desecration of the Madhuvana grove by Hanumān, Aṅgada and their friends. Reassured that this could only mean that they were extremely happy to have found Sītā, he returns to the grove and, finding the monkeys quietened, informs Aṅgada and Hanumān that SugrÄ«va wants to see them immediately.

Dadhimukha informs SugrÄ«va of the desecration of the Madhuvana grove by Hanumān, Aṅgada and their friends. Reassured that this could only mean that they were extremely happy to have found Sītā, he returns to the grove and, finding the monkeys quietened, informs Aṅgada and Hanumān that SugrÄ«va wants to see them immediately.

BL3306349

Rama determines the order of march for his vast army of monkeys and bears and sets out towards the south and the ocean. He is riding on Hanuman and his brother Laksmana is riding on Angada.

Rama determines the order of march for his vast army of monkeys and bears and sets out towards the south and the ocean. He is riding on Hanuman and his brother Laksmana is riding on Angada.

BL3306369

Hanumān thinks to himself that, in order to find out more about the demons, he will have to launch an open assault on them. This way he will get to meet Rāvaṇa and his ministers and ascertain their strategy and strengths. Accordingly, he makes up his mind to destroy the royal pleasure garden attached to the zenana in Laṅkā. Having uprooted the trees in theaśoka grove, Hanumān kills all the demons sent by Rāvaṇa to capture him, while Sītā looks on from her position by the temple.

Hanumān thinks to himself that, in order to find out more about the demons, he will have to launch an open assault on them. This way he will get to meet Rāvaṇa and his ministers and ascertain their strategy and strengths. Accordingly, he makes up his mind to destroy the royal pleasure garden attached to the zenana in Laṅkā. Having uprooted the trees in theaśoka grove, Hanumān kills all the demons sent by Rāvaṇa to capture him, while Sītā looks on from her position by the temple.

BL3306342

Hanumān is perplexed as to how he can speak to Sītā, surrounded as she is by demon guardians. Perched in his tree, he begins to recite Rāma's praises. Sītā is at first confused by him and thinks he might be Rāvaṇa in one of his disguises. But she is then comforted by Hanumān, when he reveals himself to her as Rāma's messenger and gives her Rāma's ring, and offers to take her with him back to Rāma. Sītā replies that she cannot allow herself to be rescued by him: to her husband alone belong that right and the glory of so doing. She does, however, give Hanumān a jewel as a token for Rāma.

Hanumān is perplexed as to how he can speak to Sītā, surrounded as she is by demon guardians. Perched in his tree, he begins to recite Rāma's praises. Sītā is at first confused by him and thinks he might be Rāvaṇa in one of his disguises. But she is then comforted by Hanumān, when he reveals himself to her as Rāma's messenger and gives her Rāma's ring, and offers to take her with him back to Rāma. Sītā replies that she cannot allow herself to be rescued by him: to her husband alone belong that right and the glory of so doing. She does, however, give Hanumān a jewel as a token for Rāma.

BL3306341

Hanumān reaches the Himalaya mountains to find that the gandharvas try to prevent him from gathering the herbs. He charges through them, breaking a few heads on the way, and breaks off the mountain top again, as he does not know which herbs are required. Deer and rhinoceros flee in terror.

Hanumān reaches the Himalaya mountains to find that the gandharvas try to prevent him from gathering the herbs. He charges through them, breaking a few heads on the way, and breaks off the mountain top again, as he does not know which herbs are required. Deer and rhinoceros flee in terror.

BL3283140

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

Rāvaṇa takes centre stage before his troops, as the final battle commences. Rāma and Rāvaṇa exchange blow for blow, shooting their most fearsome weapons at each other, and although some strike home, most are countered by the other's shafts. Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a shoot their most formidable arrows at him and monkeys charge at him wielding trees and rocks. Rāvaṇa falls from his chariot (this is not in the text).

BL3283141

Aṅgada is attacked by the rest of Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers. Mahodara attacks Aṅgada, who pulls out the tusk of his elephant (here SugrÄ«va is depicted doing this). Nīla and Hanumān come to help Aṅgada; Nīla attacks TriÅ›iras with a massive rock while Hanumān kills DevÄntaka with a great buffet. After a tremendous fight, Hanumān cuts off the three heads of TriÅ›iras, while Mahodara also lies slain.

Aṅgada is attacked by the rest of Rāvaṇa's sons and brothers. Mahodara attacks Aṅgada, who pulls out the tusk of his elephant (here SugrÄ«va is depicted doing this). Nīla and Hanumān come to help Aṅgada; Nīla attacks TriÅ›iras with a massive rock while Hanumān kills DevÄntaka with a great buffet. After a tremendous fight, Hanumān cuts off the three heads of TriÅ›iras, while Mahodara also lies slain.

BL3283116

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are reunited with Bharata and Åšatrughna, who have kept Rāma's kingdom for him during the fourteen years of exile. The four brothers bathe, shave and dress themselves in a series of twelve compartments, ready for Rāma's coronation. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the monkeys, still in human guise, put on gowns and tie their turbans, while the Puá¹£paka chariot flies off back to Kubera, the god of Wealth and its original master, from whom Rāvaṇa stole it.

Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa are reunited with Bharata and Åšatrughna, who have kept Rāma's kingdom for him during the fourteen years of exile. The four brothers bathe, shave and dress themselves in a series of twelve compartments, ready for Rāma's coronation. VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a and the monkeys, still in human guise, put on gowns and tie their turbans, while the Puá¹£paka chariot flies off back to Kubera, the god of Wealth and its original master, from whom Rāvaṇa stole it.

BL3283159

Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

Shatrughana has been given permission to fight Lavana and is given advice on how to accomplish the mission by Rama. He takes leave of his family and departs

BL3283232

A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

A Brahmin's son dies and the Brahmin is shown approaching Rama's court to inquire as to the cause of his son's death. Rama is blamed and is seen asking advice from the sages. Lakshmana is seen first with joined hands before Rama, then communicating Rama's message to the Brahmin at the door. On the right, the Brahmin's son's body is placed in an urn containing oil and ungents necessary for preservation

BL3283235

Lavana returns from hunting for food and Shatrughana attacks him with arrows, killing him. Shatrughana is lauded by the gods who grant him a boon. As Shatrughana wishes to occupy the kingdom of Madhu (Rama's desire), they grant him his wish. On the left, Shatrughana is seen entering the city gates with his army

Lavana returns from hunting for food and Shatrughana attacks him with arrows, killing him. Shatrughana is lauded by the gods who grant him a boon. As Shatrughana wishes to occupy the kingdom of Madhu (Rama's desire), they grant him his wish. On the left, Shatrughana is seen entering the city gates with his army

BL3283238

After reigning over Madhupura for twelve years, Åšatrughna wished to return to AyodhyÄ to see Rāma again. On the way back, he again stopped at VÄlmÄ«ki's hermitage. He and his attendants are here seated on the right, listening to Rāma's sons, Lava and KuÅ›a, singing and playing the vÄ«á¹‡Ä, with VÄlmÄ«ki and the sages seated on the left.

After reigning over Madhupura for twelve years, Åšatrughna wished to return to AyodhyÄ to see Rāma again. On the way back, he again stopped at VÄlmÄ«ki's hermitage. He and his attendants are here seated on the right, listening to Rāma's sons, Lava and KuÅ›a, singing and playing the vÄ«á¹‡Ä, with VÄlmÄ«ki and the sages seated on the left.

BL3283239

Rama returns to Ayodhya and wishes to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice. Bharata dissuades him from doing so

Rama returns to Ayodhya and wishes to perform the Rajasuya sacrifice. Bharata dissuades him from doing so

BL3283240

After passing through a beautiful forested region, Rama visits the sage Agastya who lives in the Dandaka desert, the dwelling place of ascetics known as Janasthana. The sage Agastya receives Rama and requests him to spend a night at his hermitage

After passing through a beautiful forested region, Rama visits the sage Agastya who lives in the Dandaka desert, the dwelling place of ascetics known as Janasthana. The sage Agastya receives Rama and requests him to spend a night at his hermitage

BL3283242

The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

The asvamedha sacrifice. Vibhishana is shown paying homage to the ascetics gathered for the great sacrifice. The monkeys serve the visitors. Bharata and Satrughna distribute clothing to the ascetics who have gathered for the sacrifice. In the top left corner, Valmiki is seen instructing Lava and Kusha on the chanting of the Ramayana

BL3283245

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

Rama tells the story of Ila. Kardama was hunting in the same forest where Siva was entertaining Parvati by transferring all things male into female. Kaidama was also transformed and when he approached Siva he said he would grant him anything but the transformation back into a male. Parvati granted him a boon of being male for a month and then female for another month. As a female Kardama was called Ila

BL3283246

Above, the sage Durvasa and the ascetic Death are shown visiting Rama. The centre shows Rama and Lakshmana feeding the sage and Rama consulting with his ministers and Vashishta. The lower section shows Durvasa departing, Lakshmana taking leave of Rama and reaching the banks of the Sarayu river where he disrobes and meditates. Above, Indra on his elephant Airavata takes Lakshmana away to heaven

Above, the sage Durvasa and the ascetic Death are shown visiting Rama. The centre shows Rama and Lakshmana feeding the sage and Rama consulting with his ministers and Vashishta. The lower section shows Durvasa departing, Lakshmana taking leave of Rama and reaching the banks of the Sarayu river where he disrobes and meditates. Above, Indra on his elephant Airavata takes Lakshmana away to heaven

BL3283248

Rama issues his last commands and embraces Bharata on the right of the folio. His subjects look downcast and ask to accompany him wherever he goes

Rama issues his last commands and embraces Bharata on the right of the folio. His subjects look downcast and ask to accompany him wherever he goes

BL3283253

Various demons try to prevent Hanumān from taking the mountain peak back to the Himalayas, but he beats them off and some fall to earth. Rāma and his allies look on, and likewise does Rāvaṇa, who appears at the jharokhā balcony, the sill spread with a rich cloth, while his courtiers below raise their hands to salute him in the Mughal manner.

Various demons try to prevent Hanumān from taking the mountain peak back to the Himalayas, but he beats them off and some fall to earth. Rāma and his allies look on, and likewise does Rāvaṇa, who appears at the jharokhā balcony, the sill spread with a rich cloth, while his courtiers below raise their hands to salute him in the Mughal manner.

BL3283134

Below, Rama and his three brothers respectfully greet seven sages who have been admitted to the palace by a doorkeeper. Above, the seven are seated in a row on a verandah before Rama. They praise Rama for having vanquished the demon Ravana and his son Ravani, and tell Rama the story of Ravana's lineage and origins

Below, Rama and his three brothers respectfully greet seven sages who have been admitted to the palace by a doorkeeper. Above, the seven are seated in a row on a verandah before Rama. They praise Rama for having vanquished the demon Ravana and his son Ravani, and tell Rama the story of Ravana's lineage and origins

BL3283165

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

Two demon brothers 'sprang up'. Praheti practiced asceticism and is shown in ascetic garb seated next to a hut in the right background of the picture. Heti is shown in the right foreground seeking a wife, and then with his wife, Bhaya, sister of Kala, who begot a son named Vidyutkesha. He is shown seated in a palace to the left of the painting with his wife who holds her infant son in her lap

BL3283171

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

Sukesha is forsaken by his mother, and the infant is shown weeping in the left foreground. Siva and Parvati riding on Nandi the bull hear Sukesha weeping and moved by compassion for the infant, grant him a boon of immortality making him instantly equal to his mother in age. Sukesha is then shown in the foreground with his wife Devavati, having attained manhood

BL3283175

On the left, Vaisravana leaves Lanka and is seen repairing to Mount Kailasa to live. On the right, Ravana and the demons are shown crossing the ocean and occupying the palace at Lanka

On the left, Vaisravana leaves Lanka and is seen repairing to Mount Kailasa to live. On the right, Ravana and the demons are shown crossing the ocean and occupying the palace at Lanka

BL3283185

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

A messenger sent by Vaisravana can be seen riding an elephant and approaching Ravana's palace. Ravana is shown receiving the messenger in an upper chamber of his palace where he is told that the Gods are planning his destruction. Ravana is infuriated and swears to conquer the three worlds

BL3283186

The left section depicts Ravana fighting Arjuna. Arjuna strikes Ravana with his mace and he falls unconscious. He then captures Ravana and leads him away. The right section depicts Ravana captive in Arjuna's palace. Poulastya appears before Arjuna and requests Ravana's release. Ravana is then shown departing, ashamed from Arjuna's palace

The left section depicts Ravana fighting Arjuna. Arjuna strikes Ravana with his mace and he falls unconscious. He then captures Ravana and leads him away. The right section depicts Ravana captive in Arjuna's palace. Poulastya appears before Arjuna and requests Ravana's release. Ravana is then shown departing, ashamed from Arjuna's palace

BL3283196

Ravana is shown seated on his throne in the palace in Lanka, surrounded by attendants. His sister, Surpanakha, falls at his feet and bemoans the fact that her husband was killed by Ravana in combat, leaving her widowed

Ravana is shown seated on his throne in the palace in Lanka, surrounded by attendants. His sister, Surpanakha, falls at his feet and bemoans the fact that her husband was killed by Ravana in combat, leaving her widowed

BL3283208

In the top right corner, the living creatures affected by Vayu's actions are shown pleading with Brahma to intervene. Brahma touches Hanuman and restores him to life. Vayu is pleased and restores the vital breath to all living things and each god grants Hanuman a boon giving him great strength

In the top right corner, the living creatures affected by Vayu's actions are shown pleading with Brahma to intervene. Brahma touches Hanuman and restores him to life. Vayu is pleased and restores the vital breath to all living things and each god grants Hanuman a boon giving him great strength

BL3283221

Add 15296 (1) f.111r, Meanwhile, all is peaceful with the exiles in their abode on the Citrakuta mountain. Rama points out its beauties Sita - the many varieties of lovely trees and birds, the rocks coloured by gems and minerals, and the Mandakina river which rises in the mountain and flows along the bottom of the picture, with hermits praying, meditating and bathing along it. Rama decorates Sita's forehead with red arsenic and takes her protectively in his arms when a lion growls. They return to the hut, where Laksmana has killed deer and prepared food, which the two brothers eat while Sita keeps the flies away. After they have eaten, an audacious crow annoys Sita. Rama, enraged, takes aim at it with an arrow made of a reed. The crow is refused protection by all in the three worlds (heaven being represented by a pair of divine beings in a heavenly chariot, and the underworld by a snake-king and his queen). It returns to beg for mercy from Rama, who allows his arrow to pierce just the

Add 15296 (1) f.111r, Meanwhile, all is peaceful with the exiles in their abode on the Citrakuta mountain. Rama points out its beauties Sita - the many varieties of lovely trees and birds, the rocks coloured by gems and minerals, and the Mandakina river which rises in the mountain and flows along the bottom of the picture, with hermits praying, meditating and bathing along it. Rama decorates Sita's forehead with red arsenic and takes her protectively in his arms when a lion growls. They return to the hut, where Laksmana has killed deer and prepared food, which the two brothers eat while Sita keeps the flies away. After they have eaten, an audacious crow annoys Sita. Rama, enraged, takes aim at it with an arrow made of a reed. The crow is refused protection by all in the three worlds (heaven being represented by a pair of divine beings in a heavenly chariot, and the underworld by a snake-king and his queen). It returns to beg for mercy from Rama, who allows his arrow to pierce just the

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283029

Add 15296 (2) f.34r, Laksmana, still at the gates of Kiskindha, is welcomed by Sugriva's ministers, while inside the palace Sugriva is counselled by his ministers and Tara.

Add 15296 (2) f.34r, Laksmana, still at the gates of Kiskindha, is welcomed by Sugriva's ministers, while inside the palace Sugriva is counselled by his ministers and Tara.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283055

Add 15296 (2) f.65r, The monkeys have told Svayaṃprabha

Add 15296 (2) f.65r, The monkeys have told Svayaṃprabha

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283066

Add 15296 (1) f.11r, Dasaratha, enthroned in durbar, tells the Brahmins Vasistha and Vamadeva and his minister Sumantra of his intention to resign his throne to Rama as regent; on the left, these three summon Rama and Laksmana. Above, four Brahmins begin to prepare for the requisite sacrifice and a beautifully caparisoned horse and elephant are led towards the palace, indicative of the long list of what Vasistha says is necessary. Four women out in the open talk to each other.

Add 15296 (1) f.11r, Dasaratha, enthroned in durbar, tells the Brahmins Vasistha and Vamadeva and his minister Sumantra of his intention to resign his throne to Rama as regent; on the left, these three summon Rama and Laksmana. Above, four Brahmins begin to prepare for the requisite sacrifice and a beautifully caparisoned horse and elephant are led towards the palace, indicative of the long list of what Vasistha says is necessary. Four women out in the open talk to each other.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282972

Add 15296 (1) f.14r, On the right, Dasaratha again tells Rama he will make him king, with Vasistha, Laksmana, another Brahmin and ministers in attendance. Rama and Laksmana then leave the king to call on Kausalya on the left, who, dressed in white, is worshipping a small, gold image of Visnu, with Sumitra beside her. As a portent of impending disaster, their meeting is spied on by Kaikeyi's maid Manthara from a window in the high wall. Below, Rama and Laksmana then depart to their palace in a chariot to prepare for the ceremony amidst general rejoicing, and to the accompaniment of the drums and trumpets that announce royal arrivals and departures.

Add 15296 (1) f.14r, On the right, Dasaratha again tells Rama he will make him king, with Vasistha, Laksmana, another Brahmin and ministers in attendance. Rama and Laksmana then leave the king to call on Kausalya on the left, who, dressed in white, is worshipping a small, gold image of Visnu, with Sumitra beside her. As a portent of impending disaster, their meeting is spied on by Kaikeyi's maid Manthara from a window in the high wall. Below, Rama and Laksmana then depart to their palace in a chariot to prepare for the ceremony amidst general rejoicing, and to the accompaniment of the drums and trumpets that announce royal arrivals and departures.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282974

Add 15296 (1) f.16r, In the main street in the city of Ayodhya, the excited merchants are decorating their shops with their finest brocades, while people climb on the tops of the houses, and over the temples, to secure the best view of the coronation procession.

Add 15296 (1) f.16r, In the main street in the city of Ayodhya, the excited merchants are decorating their shops with their finest brocades, while people climb on the tops of the houses, and over the temples, to secure the best view of the coronation procession.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282980

Add 15296 (1) f.24r, Kaikeyi is first seen on the left sleeping dishevelled, as in the previous picture, and then rises from her bed to persuade her husband to grant her the two boons that Dasaratha had earlier promised her. On the right, Dasaratha is first seen bemused, seated on a couch as he listens to her demand that her son Bharata be promised the throne and Rama be exiled for fourteen years; and then distraught, below, kneeling at Kaikeyi's feet beseeching her to change her mind. Sumantra, in the middle, has been sent at dawn by Vasistha to summon Dasaratha to the coronation.

Add 15296 (1) f.24r, Kaikeyi is first seen on the left sleeping dishevelled, as in the previous picture, and then rises from her bed to persuade her husband to grant her the two boons that Dasaratha had earlier promised her. On the right, Dasaratha is first seen bemused, seated on a couch as he listens to her demand that her son Bharata be promised the throne and Rama be exiled for fourteen years; and then distraught, below, kneeling at Kaikeyi's feet beseeching her to change her mind. Sumantra, in the middle, has been sent at dawn by Vasistha to summon Dasaratha to the coronation.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282981

Add 15296 (1) f.80r, Bards, musicians and dancers arrive in the morning at the door of the king's chamber to wake him, while inside a group of women attempt to rouse him from sleep and discover him to be dead. Kausalya and Sumitra, exhausted through their suffering on account of their sons, lie still sleeping on the ground beside him.

Add 15296 (1) f.80r, Bards, musicians and dancers arrive in the morning at the door of the king's chamber to wake him, while inside a group of women attempt to rouse him from sleep and discover him to be dead. Kausalya and Sumitra, exhausted through their suffering on account of their sons, lie still sleeping on the ground beside him.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283005

Add 15296 (1) f.71r, Prior to taking up their abode in the hut, oblations have to be made to the presiding deities. Laksmana hunts deer on the right, and return to the hut to cook it; Rama offers part of it as a sacrifice. The two brothers then eat, while Sita waves a scarf over the food to keep the flies off, and she then retires to the hut to eat her own meal. The three begin their lives in exile in the peace of Citrakuta.

Add 15296 (1) f.71r, Prior to taking up their abode in the hut, oblations have to be made to the presiding deities. Laksmana hunts deer on the right, and return to the hut to cook it; Rama offers part of it as a sacrifice. The two brothers then eat, while Sita waves a scarf over the food to keep the flies off, and she then retires to the hut to eat her own meal. The three begin their lives in exile in the peace of Citrakuta.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283009

Add 15296 (1) f.72r, On the left, Sumantra returns to Ayodhya and enters the palace to give Rama's last message to the king, who is seated with Kausalya and Sumitra beside him. The king falls in a swoon and is caught by Sumantra and the queens.

Add 15296 (1) f.72r, On the left, Sumantra returns to Ayodhya and enters the palace to give Rama's last message to the king, who is seated with Kausalya and Sumitra beside him. The king falls in a swoon and is caught by Sumantra and the queens.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283010

Add 15296 (1) f.97r, The princes with their gurus, ministers and army set out for the forest, preceded by men hacking down the trees to make a path and by the royal elephants. Two litters convey the queens, preceded by two led riding horses.

Add 15296 (1) f.97r, The princes with their gurus, ministers and army set out for the forest, preceded by men hacking down the trees to make a path and by the royal elephants. Two litters convey the queens, preceded by two led riding horses.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283021

Add 15296 (2) f.5r, Hanuman now brings Rama and Laksmana into the presence of Sugriva on the mountain. Rama and Sugriva clasp hands in token of their vow of friendship, watched by Laksmana and the other monkeys; and then, in a similar spirit, the two walk round a fire kindled by Hanuman. Branches of flowering trees are spread on the mountain top and there the two brothers and Sugriva and his advisers promise each other help: Sugriva to recover his kingdom and wife, both stolen by Bali, and Rama to recover his own abducted wife.

Add 15296 (2) f.5r, Hanuman now brings Rama and Laksmana into the presence of Sugriva on the mountain. Rama and Sugriva clasp hands in token of their vow of friendship, watched by Laksmana and the other monkeys; and then, in a similar spirit, the two walk round a fire kindled by Hanuman. Branches of flowering trees are spread on the mountain top and there the two brothers and Sugriva and his advisers promise each other help: Sugriva to recover his kingdom and wife, both stolen by Bali, and Rama to recover his own abducted wife.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283039

Add 15296 (2) f.9r, Sugriva tells Rama that he has seen Sita being carried aloft in a chariot by Ravana, struggling and calling out the names of Rama and Laksmana. On seeing him below, she let fall her jewels and an upper garment. Sugriva runs to a cave in the mountain where he has stored them, and thence brings Sita's jewels and her upper garment of leaves to show Rama and Laksmana. Rama is keenly distressed at the sight of them and rolls on the ground in his agony. Sugriva calms him and reiterates his promise to help Rama recover Sita.

Add 15296 (2) f.9r, Sugriva tells Rama that he has seen Sita being carried aloft in a chariot by Ravana, struggling and calling out the names of Rama and Laksmana. On seeing him below, she let fall her jewels and an upper garment. Sugriva runs to a cave in the mountain where he has stored them, and thence brings Sita's jewels and her upper garment of leaves to show Rama and Laksmana. Rama is keenly distressed at the sight of them and rolls on the ground in his agony. Sugriva calms him and reiterates his promise to help Rama recover Sita.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283040

Add 15296 (2) f.15r, Sugriva has been defeated and reproaches Rama for not helping him, but Rama tells him he was unable to distinguish between him and his brother. On their way back to Kiskindha to renew his challenge, Rama and Laksmana salute the Saptajanas' hermitage which, though its seven inhabitants have long gone to heaven, still has burning fires, surrounding it with clouds of golden smoke. Here all the animals are peaceful - elephants are seen bathing, and there are deer, rabbit and jackal.

Add 15296 (2) f.15r, Sugriva has been defeated and reproaches Rama for not helping him, but Rama tells him he was unable to distinguish between him and his brother. On their way back to Kiskindha to renew his challenge, Rama and Laksmana salute the Saptajanas' hermitage which, though its seven inhabitants have long gone to heaven, still has burning fires, surrounding it with clouds of golden smoke. Here all the animals are peaceful - elephants are seen bathing, and there are deer, rabbit and jackal.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283042

Add 15296 (2) f.14r, Sugriva and his allies have come to Bali's palace at Kiskindha. Sugriva roars his challenge to such effect that the birds fall out of the sky in fright. Bali, his queen Tara and his ministers have emerged on hearing the uproar. The wise queen advises Bali not to fight, having heard that Sugriva has found assistance from the two Iksvaku princes, and to make peace with his brother, but Bali chooses to ignore her.

Add 15296 (2) f.14r, Sugriva and his allies have come to Bali's palace at Kiskindha. Sugriva roars his challenge to such effect that the birds fall out of the sky in fright. Bali, his queen Tara and his ministers have emerged on hearing the uproar. The wise queen advises Bali not to fight, having heard that Sugriva has found assistance from the two Iksvaku princes, and to make peace with his brother, but Bali chooses to ignore her.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283043

Add 15296 (2) f.16r, Back outside the palace of Kiskindha

Add 15296 (2) f.16r, Back outside the palace of Kiskindha

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3283046

Hanumān is perched on the roof of the bazaar observing the main square of Laṅkā, which is surrounded by shops, with stall-holders in the centre and keepers of the peace on a raised platform in the middle. He continues his explorations by moving to the summit of Rāvaṇa's golden palace on the left, surrounded by water.

Hanumān is perched on the roof of the bazaar observing the main square of Laṅkā, which is surrounded by shops, with stall-holders in the centre and keepers of the peace on a raised platform in the middle. He continues his explorations by moving to the summit of Rāvaṇa's golden palace on the left, surrounded by water.

BL3306339

Rishyasringa performing the ceremony for obtaining sons. He is shown chanting mantras and pouring obligations into a fire with the help of priests

Rishyasringa performing the ceremony for obtaining sons. He is shown chanting mantras and pouring obligations into a fire with the help of priests

BL3285842

Rāvaṇa sends out Akampana, but the horses of his chariot are deprived of their power as they leave Laṅkā, and are seen collapsing. Akampana is killed by Hanumān with a mighty tree, and Hanumān then receives the congratulations of the monkeys and a garland. Rāma and allied leaders are still in council of war in the top left corner, while the surviving demons return to Laṅkā with the evil tidings.

Rāvaṇa sends out Akampana, but the horses of his chariot are deprived of their power as they leave Laṅkā, and are seen collapsing. Akampana is killed by Hanumān with a mighty tree, and Hanumān then receives the congratulations of the monkeys and a garland. Rāma and allied leaders are still in council of war in the top left corner, while the surviving demons return to Laṅkā with the evil tidings.

BL3283088

Here Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas are depicted fighting the NivÄtakavacas, a race of giants or daityas protected by BrahmÄ. They battle for a year. BrahmÄ intervenes and asks them to befriend each other as both parties are invincible. Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas then befriend the daityas and spend some time with them, where Rāvaṇa studies the magic arts.

Here Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas are depicted fighting the NivÄtakavacas, a race of giants or daityas protected by BrahmÄ. They battle for a year. BrahmÄ intervenes and asks them to befriend each other as both parties are invincible. Rāvaṇa and the rÄká¹£asas then befriend the daityas and spend some time with them, where Rāvaṇa studies the magic arts.

BL3283203

Rāvaṇa has sent out his spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a from Laṅkā, depicted on the right, where Rāvaṇa and his chief generals are seated in council. They are commanded to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy and to report on their leaders. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and their generals - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - are seated in discussion under a tree on the left. The monkeys and a bear begin to encircle the city.

Rāvaṇa has sent out his spies Åšuka and SÄraá¹‡a from Laṅkā, depicted on the right, where Rāvaṇa and his chief generals are seated in council. They are commanded to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy and to report on their leaders. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa and their generals - the monkeys headed by SugrÄ«va, the bears under their king JÄmbavÄn, and the friendly demons under VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a - are seated in discussion under a tree on the left. The monkeys and a bear begin to encircle the city.

BL3283068

Rāma and allies descend the mountain on the left and hold a conference beneath a tree by the ocean shore, while a few monkeys on the right approach the city. Rāma decides to send Aṅgada, shown here wearing golden armlets, to try to reason with Rāvaṇa and offer him single combat. He is seen scaling the walls of Laṅkā.

Rāma and allies descend the mountain on the left and hold a conference beneath a tree by the ocean shore, while a few monkeys on the right approach the city. Rāma decides to send Aṅgada, shown here wearing golden armlets, to try to reason with Rāvaṇa and offer him single combat. He is seen scaling the walls of Laṅkā.

BL3283080

The monkeys continue to hurl themselves at Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has some still under his arm but is crushing others with his other hand and beneath his feet. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a still advance on him with their bows and arrows.

The monkeys continue to hurl themselves at Kumbhakará¹‡a, who has some still under his arm but is crushing others with his other hand and beneath his feet. Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa and VibhÄ«á¹£aá¹‡a still advance on him with their bows and arrows.

BL3283107

Add 15296 (1) f.3r, The four brothers embrace outside the palace (centre), with women looking down from a shuttered jharokha window supported by curving serpentine brackets. A rich cloth is spread over the sill. Then Bharata and Shatrughna go off in one chariot, with Yudhajit in another preceeded by armed retainers. Others proceed behind the green horizon line, one leading a riding horse while two others behind ride a loaded elephant and camel. Rama and Laksmana with their attendants re-enter the palace.

Add 15296 (1) f.3r, The four brothers embrace outside the palace (centre), with women looking down from a shuttered jharokha window supported by curving serpentine brackets. A rich cloth is spread over the sill. Then Bharata and Shatrughna go off in one chariot, with Yudhajit in another preceeded by armed retainers. Others proceed behind the green horizon line, one leading a riding horse while two others behind ride a loaded elephant and camel. Rama and Laksmana with their attendants re-enter the palace.

Indian School, (17th century)

BL3282965

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