Forgeries of a Bada Shanren album (ink on paper) (see also 3618595)

In his forgery of Bada Shanren's album (see 3618595), which he once owned, Zhang Daqian (1899–1983), one of the greatest traditional Chinese painters of the twentieth century and a major forger of Bada's works, closely replicated almost every aspect of the original, including the style and execution of the artist's signatures and seals, but he also altered certain features to enhance the apparent value and appeal of the work. In the original album, the ten facing leaves of calligraphy are unsigned, but have been identified with an otherwise unknown Buddhist monk named Fayi, based on the presence of his seals on seven of the ten leaves. While Zhang accurately duplicated the freely expressive style of Fayi's original calligraphy, he cleverly changed the seals to those of one Niu Shihui, a seventeenth-century Chan (Zen) monk and individualist painter, who was rumored to be an imperial relative of Bada's, perhaps even his brother. By replacing a totally unknown calligrapher (Fayi) with one whose name is tantalizingly linked to Bada, but whose real works are rare and generally unfamiliar, Zhang undoubtedly hoped to whet the appetite of contemporary collectors, increase his asking price, and challenge the scholarly expertise of his fellow connoisseurs. Zhang's forgery is revealed, however, by two important details of execution. Instead of Bada's flat, angular brushwork, Zhang held his brush in an upright position, thereby using the resilient tip to create more linear and rounded brushstrokes, a technique that Bada did not begin to employ until the early 1690s. As a result, Zhang's brushstrokes are broader, more even, and far less angular than those created by Bada, who held his brush at a slant. Secondly, Zhang's ink is comparatively pale and thin, and shows little of the layering typically found in genuine works by Bada Shanren. Despite these discrepancies, Zhang's skillful forgery would be difficult to differentiate from a genuine work without having the original for comparison.